The probable role and therapeutic potential of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 induced coagulopathy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a high mortality rate. The majority of deaths in this disease are caused by ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) followed by cytokine storm and coagulation complications. Although alterations in the level of the number of coagulation factors have been detected in samples from COVID-19 patients, the direct molecular mechanism which has been involved in this pathologic process has not been explored yet. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an intracellular pathway which plays a central role in cell survival. Also, in recent years the association between this pathway and coagulopathies has been well clarified. Therefore, based on the evidence on over-activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the current review, the probable role of this cellular pathway as a therapeutic target for the prevention of coagulation complications in patients with COVID-19 is discussed.

A Brief Review on Viral Variants of COVID-19 Infection

SARS is a type of acute respiratory syndrome. Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), highly contagious, affecting people worldwide. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID19) leads to a rapidly spreading respiratory distress syndrome. It has caused a global pandemic and severe health crisis in most countries. Due to its continual evolution, further research into the virus's pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms and the development of efficient therapy techniques are urgently required. The current paper summarises what is known about the virus's evolutionary and structural features to comprehend better its mutational pattern and probable role in the current pandemic. In December 2019, the Coronavirus Disease (SARSCoV2) began a destructive path toward a global pandemic in Wuhan, China. Since then, several SARS CoV2 variants have been discovered. Despite the speedy development of a COVID19 vaccine and ongoing mass vaccination efforts around the globe, the discovery of the latest SARSCoV2 variants could undermine the substantial success till now in stopping the spread of SARSCoV2.This review aims to characterize the different SARS CoV2 mutations and investigate the associated morbidity and death. Due to the virus's steady improvement, with its various unmarried nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) versions and lineages, figuring out SARS-CoV-2 infectivity is extraordinarily hard. but, similarly research into the virus's pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, as well as the improvement of green therapy strategies, is urgent present-day The present day contribution summarises existing expertise regarding the virus's evolutionary and structural homes to clarify its mutational sample and ability function inside the ongoing pandemic.

Mobile mud layer underneath the desiccated maar lake of Rincón de Parangueo and insights into its microbial fingerprints

We surveyed a subsurface layer of saturated mobile mud and its microbial fingerprints below the desiccated bottom of a maar lake at Rincón de Parangueo (RP), Mexico. A multi-scale approach was followed using geological fieldwork, coring of the sediments, ground penetrating radar survey, physico-chemical characterization including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, and high-throughput DNA sequencing methods. The mobile mud is an organic-rich silty clay, with high values of alkalinity, volumetric water content and conductivity. Mud mobility has been attributed to overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction of sediments related to active subsidence and pore overpressure produced by an input of groundwater and gas content in the sediments and resulted in a diverse set of structures related to mud tectonics such as injection domes and fluid seeps through fractures. Extraction and sequencing of sedimentary environmental DNA in the mud layer were performed for Bacteria and Archaea. Despite the small number of samples obtained, the microbial fingerprint from the sedimentary environmental DNA at subsurface shares similarities with the microbial communities identified on the crater surface. Additionally, we identify the DNA of specific methanogenic microorganisms in the mud, such as Bathyarchaeia, Methanomassiliicoccales, and Methanobacteriales, and we speculate on their probable role in gas production and pore overpressure in the mud layer. The underground mud at Rincón de Parangueo represents a geologically dynamic environment with conditions that are favorable for the thriving of microbial communities.

On frozen chernozem genesis and evolution at lacustrine plains in the southern Vitim plateau (Eastern Siberia, Russia)

To clarify the probable role of the stage of the post-lake soil in the evolution of clay-illuvial frozen chernozem the studies were carried out in the southern Vitim plateau of Transbaikalia. The research covers soils in the area of ancient currently dried lakes and the lakeside plain of the Yeravninskaya depression. The obtained data evidence the dissimilarity of parent rocks, as well as radical differences in the soils’ characteristics and properties.

Evaluation of Serum Interleukin 36 in Egyptian Acne Vulgaris Patients versus Controls

Background Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, and it is one of the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. Some of the key mechanisms of pathogenesis are the disturbed sebaceous gland activity associated with excess sebum production and alterations in sebum fatty acid composition, dysregulation of the hormone microenvironment, interaction with neuropeptides, follicular hyperkeratinization, and induction of inflammation and dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immunity. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the serum IL36 levels in acne vulgaris patients in comparison with healthy controls and to correlate its level to different severities of acne vulgaris. Patients and Methods This is a case control study which included 30 acne vulgaris patients who were recruited from the Outpatient Dermatology Clinic at Ain Shams University Hospitals during the period between September 2018 and December 2018. Results The study revealed a highly significant increase in IL-36 serum levels which can differentiate cases form controls with a high degree of specificity of the test according to the ROC curve However, there was no association between IL-36 and the disease severity. Expression of high levels of IL-36 in all acne cases including mild cases suggests a probable role in early inflammatory stage of the disease. Furthermore, duration of the disease, body mass index, family history and sex were all insignificant factors on affecting IL-36 levels. Conclusion We found that IL-36 is involved in acne pathogenesis and its serum levels are elevated even in mild cases with comedonal lesions suggesting the possible involvement in the early events of acne vulgaris. Further studies are required to demonstrate more detailed explanation of IL-36 pathogenic role in acne.

Application of Exosomes-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treatment of Fungal Diseases: From Basic to Clinical Sciences

Fungal diseases such as candidiasis are some of the deadliest diseases among immunocompromised patients. These fungi naturally exist on human skin and throughout the digestive system. When the microbiota balance becomes upset, these fungi become pathogenic and potentially lethal. At the pathogenesis of fungal diseases, host immune system response is diverse. At the early stages of fungal pathogenesis such as Candida albicans, it was shown that these fungi use the immune cells of the host body and cause malfunction the early induction of proinflammatory cytokines of the host body leading to a reduction in their numbers. However, at some stages of fungal diseases, the immune response is severe. Despite many treatments already being available, it seems that one of the best treatments could be an immune-stimulatory agent. Some of the subsets of MSCs and exosome-derived cells, as a cell-to-cell communicator agent, have many roles in the human body, including anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects. However, the TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs have been shown to have immune-stimulatory effects. These subsets of the MSCs produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. Thus, they could trigger inflammation and stop fungal pathogenesis. As some biological activities and molecules inherit elements of their exosomes from their maternal cells, the exosome-derived TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs could be a good candidate for fighting against fungal diseases. The applications of exosomes in human diseases are well-known and expanding. It is time to investigate the exosomes application in fungal diseases. In this review, the probable role of exosomes in treating fungal diseases is explored.

The Relation between Caffeine Consumption and Endometriosis: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

While the contributing factors leading to endometriosis remain unclear, its clinical heterogeneity suggests a multifactorial causal background. Amongst others, caffeine has been studied extensively during the last decade as a putative contributing factor. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we provide an overview/critical appraisal of studies that report on the association between caffeine consumption and the presence of endometriosis. In our search strategy, we screened PubMed and Scopus for human studies examining the above association. The main outcome was the relative risk of endometriosis in caffeine users versus women consuming little or no caffeine (<100 mg/day). Subgroup analyses were conducted for different levels of caffeine intake: high (>300 mg/day) or moderate (100–300 mg/day). Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis (five cohort and five case-control studies). No statistically significant association was observed between overall caffeine consumption and risk for endometriosis (RR 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97–1.28, I2 = 70%) when compared to little or no (<100 mg/day) caffeine intake. When stratified according to level of consumption, high intake was associated with increased risk of endometriosis (RR 1.30, 95%CI 1.04–1.63, I2 = 56%), whereas moderate intake did not reach nominal statistical significance (RR 1.18, 95%CI 0.99–1.40, I2 = 37%). In conclusion, caffeine consumption does not appear to be associated with increased risk for endometriosis. However, further research is needed to elucidate the potential dose-dependent link between caffeine and endometriosis or the probable role of caffeine intake as a measurement of other unidentified biases.

To the issue of the probable role of plant protection chemicals in the formation of population oncological incidence

Objective: We assessed a probable role of pesticides as generalized products of plant protection means in the formation of the hormone-dependent oncological incidence in the population. Materials and methods: In the work we analyzed the territorial features of plant protection chemicals use and the population endocrine cancer incidence data (breast and thyroid cancer in men and women, prostate cancer in men, ovarian and uterine cancer in women, calculated according to the Ukrainian standard) based on the materials from National Cancer Registry of Ukraine. Results: Territorial dependences between gross indicators of the used chemical protection means, rates of their increase in the agriculture and indicators of the population endocrine cancer incidence were revealed. The most intensive growth was shown to be observed in the regions with a predominantly agricultural mode of production. The performed linear regression analysis confirmed a direct strong correlation between the volume of pesticide at the household use and the incidence of ovarian cancer (r = 0.89; p>0.01) and prostate cancer (r = 0.87; p>0.01). Conclusion: Although the results of the analytical consideration of the problem and the data of linear-regression analysis indicate a possible role of pesticides in the induction of endocrine cancer, further research is needed in this field. In the future, it is important to consider the problem by classes and groups of pesticides with the possibility of the approach to the definition of the effect mechanisms.