Genomic Evidence That Governmentally Produced Cannabis sativa Poorly Represents Genetic Variation Available in State Markets

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the sole producer of Cannabis for research purposes in the United States, including medical investigation. Previous research established that cannabinoid profiles in the NIDA varieties lacked diversity and potency relative to the Cannabis produced commercially. Additionally, microsatellite marker analyses have established that the NIDA varieties are genetically divergent form varieties produced in the private legal market. Here, we analyzed the genomes of multiple Cannabis varieties from diverse lineages including two produced by NIDA, and we provide further support that NIDA’s varieties differ from widely available medical, recreational, or industrial Cannabis. Furthermore, our results suggest that NIDA’s varieties lack diversity in the single-copy portion of the genome, the maternally inherited genomes, the cannabinoid genes, and in the repetitive content of the genome. Therefore, results based on NIDA’s varieties are not generalizable regarding the effects of Cannabis after consumption. For medical research to be relevant, material that is more widely used would have to be studied. Clearly, having research to date dominated by a single, non-representative source of Cannabis has hindered scientific investigation.

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Genomic evidence that governmentally produced Cannabis sativa poorly represents genetic variation available in state markets

10.1101/2021.02.13.431041 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniela Vergara ◽

Ezra L. Huscher ◽

Kyle G. Keepers ◽

Rahul Pisupati ◽

Anna L. Schwabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Drug Abuse ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Single Copy ◽

The United States ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

Divergent Form ◽

Legal Market ◽

Relevant Material

AbstractThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the sole producer of Cannabis for research purposes in the United States, including medical investigation. Previous research established that cannabinoid profiles in the NIDA varieties lacked diversity and potency relative to the Cannabis produced commercially. Additionally, microsatellite marker analyses have established that the NIDA varieties are genetically divergent form varieties produced in the private legal market. Here, we analyzed the genome of multiple Cannabis varieties from diverse lineages including two produced by NIDA, and we provide further support that NIDA’s varieties differ from widely available medical, recreational, or industrial Cannabis. Furthermore, our results suggest that NIDA’s varieties lack diversity in the single copy portion of the genome, the maternally inherited genomes, the cannabinoid genes, and in the repetitive content of the genome. Therefore, results based on NIDA’s varieties are not generalizable regarding the effects of Cannabis after consumption. For medical research to be relevant, material that is more widely used would have to be studied. Clearly, having research to date dominated by a single, non-representative source of Cannabis has hindered scientific investigation.

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Mexico-United States Convention for the Establishment of an International Commission for the Scientific Investigation of Tuna

The American Journal of International Law ◽

10.2307/2213927 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 45 (S2) ◽

pp. 51-57

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Pacific Ocean ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

International Commission ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

The United States of America and the United Mexican States consideringtheir respective interests in maintaining the populations of certain tuna and tuna-like fishes in the waters of the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of both countries.

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A Survey of Genetic Variation in Streptomyces Isolates Causing Potato Common Scab in the United States

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-1363 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1363-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Leslie A. Wanner

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Common Scab ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Population Genetic Study ◽

Variable Regions ◽

Genus Streptomyces ◽

Characteristic Features

Common scab is a serious disease of potatoes and other root and tuber crops, affecting crop quality and market value. The disease is caused by gram positive soil bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. Disease incidence and severity vary in different locations and years; this is due in part to variation in the environment (weather) and genetic variation in potato cultivars. Little information is available on the contribution of genetic variation by the pathogen. To examine genetic diversity in different locations within the United States, streptomycetes were isolated from lesions on field-grown potatoes from six states. Isolates were classified into species based on sequence of variable regions in the 16s rRNA gene. The presence of genes associated with the recently described S. turgidiscabies pathogenicity island (PAI) was also determined. About half of the isolates belonged to S. scabies or S. europaeiscabiei based on 16s rDNA sequence, and had characteristic features of the PAI. They were found in all six states, and were pathogenic on potato and radish. The remaining isolates included pathogens and nonpathogens. They were varied in appearance, and represent several species, including one pathogenic species not previously reported. Some pathogenic isolates lacked one or more genes characteristic of the PAI, although all had genes for biosynthesis of the pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin. In this relatively small survey, regional differences in scab-causing streptomycetes were seen. This report furnishes tools and baseline data for population genetic study of scab-causing streptomycetes in the United States.

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Genetic variation and evolutionary relationships amongst bluetongue viruses endemic in the United States

Virus Research ◽

10.1016/0168-1702(91)90001-c ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 91-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

H.W. Heidner ◽

L.G. Iezzi ◽

B.I. Osburn ◽

N.J. MacLachlan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

The United States ◽

Evolutionary Relationships

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Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Drug Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health ◽

10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70671-6 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 76-78

Author(s):

Richard J. Frances

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Drug Abuse ◽

The United States ◽

Epidemiologic Survey ◽

Iv Drug Abuse ◽

Dsm Iv

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Measurement of Genetic Diversity of Chinese Seashore Paspalum Resources through Morphological and Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism Analysis

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04700-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 144 (6) ◽

pp. 379-386

Author(s):

Yan Liu ◽

Hailin Guo ◽

Yi Wang ◽

Jingang Shi ◽

Dandan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

The United States ◽

Germplasm Resources ◽

Seashore Paspalum ◽

Chinese Germplasm

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a notable warm-season turfgrass. Certain germplasm resources are distributed in the southern regions of China. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic variation of Chinese seashore paspalum resources. Morphological characteristics and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess genetic relationships and genetic variation among 36 germplasm resources from China and six cultivars from the United States. The results showed significant variation for 13 morphological characteristics among 42 tested seashore paspalum accessions, and that the phenotypic cv was, in turn, turf height > turf density > internode length > inflorescence density > leaf width > reproductive branch height > spikelet width > leaf length > spikelet number > inflorescence length > internode diameter > inflorescence width > spikelet length. According to the morphological characteristics and cluster analysis, 42 seashore paspalum accessions were divided into six morphological types. In total, 374 clear bands were amplified using 30 SRAP primer combinations; among these bands, 321 were polymorphic with 85.83% polymorphism. SRAP marker cluster analysis showed that 42 seashore paspalum accessions were grouped into seven major groups, with a genetic similarity coefficient ranging from 0.4385 to 0.9893 and genetic distance values ranging from 0.0108 to 0.8244. The high level of genetic diversity occurred among Chinese germplasm, and the genetic distance was relatively high between Chinese germplasm and cultivars introduced from the United States. The patterns in morphological trait variations and genetic diversity will be useful for the further exploitation and use of Chinese seashore paspalum resources.

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