scholarly journals Mapping Pectic-Polysaccharide Epitopes in Cell Walls of Forage Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhao Sun ◽  
Ian G. Andrew ◽  
Philip J. Harris ◽  
Simone O. Hoskin ◽  
Keith N. Joblin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharide ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Different Cell Types

The cell walls of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) leaves are known to contain high proportions of pectic polysaccharides. However, little is known about the distribution of pectic polysaacharides among walls of different cell types/tissues and within walls. In this study, immunolabelling with four monoclonal antibodies was used to map the distribution of pectic polysaccharides in the cell walls of the laminae and midribs of these leaves. The antibodies JIM5 and JIM7 are specific for partially methyl-esterified homogalacturonans; LM5 and LM6 are specific for (1→4)-β-galactan and (1→5)-α-arabinan side chains, respectively, of rhamnogalacturonan I. All four antibodies labelled the walls of the epidermal cells with different intensities. JIM5 and JIM7, but not LM5 or LM6, labelled the middle lamella, tricellular junctions, and the corners of intercellular spaces of ground, xylem and phloem parenchyma. LM5, but not LM6, strongly labelled the walls of the few sclerenchyma fibres in the phloem of the midrib and lamina vascular bundles. The LM5 epitope was absent from some phloem parenchyma cells. LM6, but not LM5, strongly labelled the walls of the stomatal guard cells. The differential distribution of pectic epitopes among walls of different cell types and within walls may reflect the deposition and modification of these polysaccharides which are involved in cell wall properties and cell development.

The Distribution of un-esterified and Methyl-Esterified Pectic Polysaccharides in Pinus Radiata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Putoczki ◽  
Juliet A. Gerrard ◽  
Brian G. Butterfield ◽  
Sandra L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Immunogold Electron Microscopy ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Ray Cell ◽  
Pectin Epitopes

A cationic dye which binds acidic polymers such as pectin and monoclonal antibodies, directed against un-esterified and methyl-esterified (JIM5) and only methyl-esterified (JIM7) pectin epitopes, were used, in conjunction with light microscopy, confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy, to study the spatial distribution of pectin in the xylem tissue of Pinus radiata D. Don. Histochemistry demonstrated that pectin was located in the compound middle lamella (CML) of the maturing tracheid cell wall, in addition to the pit membranes and the CML of the ray cell walls. Immunogold labeling showed differential distribution of the pectin epitopes within the CML of the maturing cell walls. Moreover, in the xylem, the JIM5 and JIM7 epitopes were found to be restricted to distinct tissues. Neither epitope occurred in the secondary walls of the xylem cells. These patterns of epitope expression were not maintained in the mature cell. These results represent the first demonstration of restricted spatial patterns of distribution of these epitopes in the xylem tissue of radiata pine and are consistent with results from other coniferous gymnosperms.

Chemical and ultrastructural changes of ash wood thermally modified using the thermo-vacuum process: I. Histo/cytochemical studies on changes in the structure and lignin chemistry

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Ignazia Cuccui ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Native Cell ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Light Fluorescence

Abstract Changes in structure and lignin chemistry were investigated in ash wood thermally modified (TMW) by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3 h at 190–220°C by means of light, fluorescence, and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy combined with histo/cytochemistry. Variation in changes in native cell color in TMWs was positively correlated with differences in lignin content between cell types and cell wall regions in the reference wood. Histochemical staining showed increasing amounts of acidic groups in TMWs with different response to ethanol extraction between secondary cell walls and CMLcc (compound middle lamella/middle lamella cell corner) regions. Fluorescence microscopy of TMWs and references showed a difference in intensity and color emission of lignin autofluorescence, reflecting modification of lignin in TMWs. Changes in histochemistry and fluorescence were prominent at and above 200°C. With TEM, increased intensity of lignin staining and distortion of fiber S1 layers were detected in TMW treated for 3 h at 220°C (TMW3 h, 220°C). TMW3 h, 220°C differed significantly in molecular ultrastructure of fiber cell walls compared to references, such as loss of the lamellar structure and size and distribution of lignin aggregates. The modification in CMLcc structure in ash TMW3 h, 220°C is different from that of softwoods.

Immunocytochemical studies of axial resin canals. I. Localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelium of Norway spruce xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Resin Canals

The microdistribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelial cells of axial resin canals was investigated in Norway spruce xylem using immunolocalization methods combined with monoclonal antibodies specific for (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (LM 19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22). The ultrastructure and lignin distribution of epithelial cell walls was also examined after cytochemical staining for lignin. Compared with tracheids, epithelial cells showed several different ultrastructural characteristics, such as the thickness of three layers forming the cell wall, the boundary structure between layers and the lamellate structure of cell walls, with slightly stronger reaction with chemical staining for lignin than tracheids. After staining with potassium permanganate, the layer of the epithelial cell wall adjacent to the canal showed typical characteristics of middle lamella (C-ML). However, C-ML regions showed completely different chemical characteristics from E-ML (middle lamella between epithelial cells) regions of epithelial cells and compound middle lamella (CML) regions of tracheids. Unlike tracheids, epitopes of pectic polysaccharides were detected in the epithelial cell wall with variations in amounts between cell wall layers. Epitopes of hemicelluloses were also detected in the epithelial cells with differences in distribution patterns from tracheids, particularly xyloglucan (LM15) and low substituted xylan (LM10) epitopes. Together, our results suggest that the ultrastructure and chemistry of epithelial cells including C-ML regions significantly differ from tracheids.

scholarly journals VARIATIONS IN CELL WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY IN CELL TYPES OF EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD IN ENGLISH OAK (QUERCUS ROBUR)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although there is considerable information on anatomy and gross chemistry of oak wood, little is known on the ultrastructure and chemistry at the individual cell wall level. In particular, differences in ultrastructure and chemistry within the same cell type between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) are poorly understood. This study investigated the ultrastructure and chemistry of (vasicentric) tracheids, vessels, (libriform) fibers and axial/ray parenchyma cells of English oak xylem (Quercus robur L.) using light-, fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy combined with histo/cytochemistry and immunohisto/ cytochemistry. EW tracheids showed several differences from LW tracheids including thinner cell walls, wider middle lamella cell corner (MLcc) regions and lesser amounts of mannan epitopes. Fibers showed thicker cell walls and higher amounts of mannan epitopes than tracheids. EW vessels were rich in guaiacyl (G) lignin with a characteristic non-layered cell wall organization (absence of S1–3 layers), whereas LW vessels were rich in syringyl (S) lignin with a three layered cell wall structure (S1–3 layers). Formation of a highly lignified and wide protective layer (PL) inside axial/ray parenchyma cells was detected only in EW. Distribution of mannan epitopes varied greatly between cell types and between EW and LW, whereas distribution of xylan epitopes was almost identical in all cell types within a growth ring. Together, this study demonstrates that there are great variations in ultrastructure and chemistry of cell walls within a single growth ring of English oak xylem.

scholarly journals Nectary structure in Symphyglossum sanguineum (Rchb.f. ) Schltr. (Orchidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska ◽  
Kevin L. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Nectary Structure ◽  
Micro Channels

Ornithophily occurs in a great number of orchid species but despite this, researchers have largely neglected to investigate their nectaries. The aim of this study is to describe the nectary structure of <i>Symphyglossum sanguineum</i>, a species presumed to be pollinated by hummingbirds. The nectary is located at the free margins of auricles, which form a channel for the passage of nectar. The nectary, which consists of a single-layered epidermis and 2-3 layers of subepidermal cells, is supplied by collateral, vascular bundles. The nectary cells of <i>S. sanguineum</i>, like those of other ornithophilous orchids, have thick cellulose cell walls. A remarkable feature of these nectary cells is the dissolution of the middle lamella and the subsequent separation of epidermal cells. It is possible that this latter process facilitates the flow of the nectar to the nectary surface. The cuticle covering the nectary epidermis has micro-channels, but unlike the other species of ornithophilous orchids studied to date, it neither becomes disrupted nor detached from the epidermal cells. Abundant mitochondria, lipid droplets and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) with an osmiophilic material are present in the cytoplasm of nectary cells. Some plastids with few lamellae contain numerous vesicles and osmiophillic globules whereas others accumulate starch. SER lamellae are often closely associated with plastids and the contents of the former organelles closely resemble osmiophillic globules. Secretory vesicles are common, especially near the outer, tangential wall indicating that granulocrine secretion possibly occurs in <i>S. sanguineum</i>.

UV absorption microspectroscopy and alkali extraction to characterize aromatic constituents in plant cell walls

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
D. E. Akin ◽  
W. H. Morrison ◽  
L. L. Rigsby
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
Carbon Recycling ◽  
Treated Plant

Aromatic compounds bound to structural carbohydrates in plant cell walls limit the microbial utilization of otherwise biodegradable polysaccharides. Such limitations have important consequences in conversion of plant biomass to useful products and in carbon recycling. These aromatic constituents are chemically diverse, with further variations occurring in chemical linkages. Microspectroscopy and chemical analysis of alkali-treated plant walls was used to investigate aromatics.Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) stems (Fig. 1) were separated into pith parenchyma, pith vascular bundles, and rind (vascular and sclerenchyma cells combined). A normal (N) line and a counterpart brown midrib (bmr) mutant line, which has modified lignins, were both sampled. Ground (~ 1 mm) walls of these cell types were sequentially treated with 1M NaOH at 25°C for 20 h to remove ester-linked phenolic acids, and the residues were then treated with 4M NaOH in Teflon polyfluoroalkoxy copolymer vials which were placed in stainless steel vessels at 170°C for 2 h to remove more resistant ether-linked and polymerized aromatics.

The Massaria disease of plane trees:its wood decay mechanism

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Schmitt ◽  
Benjamin Lüer ◽  
Dirk Dujesiefken ◽  
Gerald Koch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Decay Pattern

Branches of Platanus × hispanica with distinct symptoms of the Massaria disease were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and cellular UVmicrospectrophotometry. The samples collected in the city of Mannheim, Germany, were infected in vivo with the fungus Splanchnonema platani and showed various degrees of wood decay. The investigations were focused on the decay pattern of cell walls in the different cells, i.e., fibres, vessels as well as ray and axial parenchyma cells. The following results were obtained. Hyphae of the ascomycete fungus Splanchnonema platani penetrated from cell to cell through the pits and not through the cell wall middle lamella, by the formation of thin perforation hyphae. During this process, the 1–5 μm thick hyphae became narrower without attacking the wall around the pit canal. After penetration through a pit, the hyphae again enlarged to their original diameter. This is true for all pit pairs connecting the various cell types. Late decay stages did not show a decay of cell corner regions and middle lamellae of fibres as well as vessel and parenchyma cell walls. Phenolic deposits in parenchyma cells were still present in severely attacked xylem tissue. These features point to a low lignolytic capacity of the fungus. The frequently found microscopic decay pattern with the formation of oval or spherical cavities in the S2 layer of the secondary wall with an often structurally intact S3 layer is a characteristic of softrot decay. This classification is also supported by the remaining cell corner and middle lamella regions in advanced decay stages. As a consequence of this decay type, branches fracture in a brittle mode.

scholarly journals Asymmetric wall ingrowth deposition in Arabidopsis phloem parenchyma transfer cells is tightly associated with sieve elements

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Wei ◽  
Yuan Huang ◽  
David A Collings ◽  
David W McCurdy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Companion Cell ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Wall Ingrowth ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Different Cell Types

In Arabidopsis, polarized deposition of wall ingrowths in phloem parenchyma (PP) transfer cells (TCs) occurs adjacent to cells of the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. However, the spatial relationships between these different cell types in minor veins, where phloem loading occurs, are poorly understood. PP TC development and wall ingrowth localization were compared to other phloem cells in leaves of Col-0 and the transgenic lines AtSUC2::AtSTP9-GFP and AtSWEET11::AtSWEET11-GFP that identify CCs and PP respectively. The development of PP TCs in minor veins, indicated by deposition of wall ingrowths, proceeded basipetally in leaves. However, not all PP develop ingrowths and higher levels of wall ingrowth deposition occur in abaxial- compared to adaxial-positioned PP TCs. Furthermore, the deposition of wall ingrowths was exclusively initiated on and preferentially covered the PP TC/SE interface, rather than the PP TC/CC interface, and only occurred in PP cells that were adjacent to SEs. Collectively, these results demonstrate the dominant impact of SEs on wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs and suggest the existence of two sub-types of PP cells in leaf minor veins. Compared to PP cells, PP TCs showed more abundant accumulation of AtSWEET11-GFP, indicating functional differences in phloem loading between PP and PP TCs.

Freeze-dried surface replicas of tobacco pectin gels and noncutinized lower epidermal cell surfaces compared

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
George C. Ruben ◽  
Gordon H. Bokelman ◽  
Howard H. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Pectic Acid ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Freeze Dried

Pectic polysaccharides play an important role in the extracellular matrix of land plant tissues. Pectins are found in primary cell walls and in the connecting region between cells, the middle lamella. These polysaccharides are thought to function as a binding material within cell walls and between cells. Pectins contain galacturonosyl residues as a major constituent and varying amounts of neutral sugar residues. A portion of the galacturonosyl residues are methyl-esterlfted. Calcium salts of pectin are thought to be present in primary cell walls and middle lamella. The structure of the calcium bond between interfiber galacturonosyl residues has been suggested by x-ray fiber diffraction work. The pectic acid unit cell indicates that the galacturonosyl residue as viewed down the chain axis is roughly 7.2 x 6.8Å along the two crystallographlc a and b axes. One or two waters of hydration can Increase this size by 3-6Å In freeze-etched preparations or an associated calcium Ion can Increase Its cross-sectional dimensions by about 2Å.

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