scholarly journals The Development of Context-Sensitive Attention Across Cultures: The Impact of Stimulus Familiarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solveig Jurkat ◽  
Moritz Köster ◽  
Relindis Yovsi ◽  
Joscha Kärtner
Keyword(s):  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Stimulus Familiarity ◽  
The Impact

Decentralization in European and MENA Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Francois Vaillancourt ◽  
Richard M. Bird
Keyword(s):  
National Unity ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Road ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Initial Question ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

The question considered in this chapter is whether decentralization is likely to hurt or help national unity in “countries at risk.” We begin with a literature review, focusing on three particular questions: the size and number of nations; the determinants of decentralization; and, finally, and bearing most directly on our topic, the links between decentralization and political outcomes. We next set out in capsule form some of the very mixed stories of linkages between decentralization and national unity found in Europe and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, before considering more closely the ongoing discussions of secession in three European countries – Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom. We conclude that the impact of decentralization on national unity is so complex and context-sensitive that no general answers to our initial question emerge: in some instances, decentralization may be an inducement for regions to stay in a country; in others, however, it may prove to be only a way station on the road to the exit.

scholarly journals Social Trust in the Middle East and North Africa: The Context-Dependent Impact of Citizens’ Socio-Economic and Religious Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Spierings
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Our knowledge of social trust's drivers in the MENA region is limited and there are good reasons to expect that theories based on Western countries cannot be copied to the MENA one-to-one. Arguing for a broader and at the same time context-sensitive comparative approach, I translate the ‘societal winners’, social capital, and religious beliefs mechanisms explaining trust to the MENA context. Moreover, I acknowledge intraregional diversity and test how the impact of these factors also differs among MENA countries. Empirically, I synchronize 47 surveys from 15 MENA countries, which provides the broadest and most systematic assessment of trust in the MENA to date. The results show that the societal-winner mechanism does not hold: employed, higher education and wealthier citizens are not more trusting. However, higher-educated citizens distrust other citizens more, particularly in the strongest autocracies. Religiosity seems pivotal too. Among others, service-attending citizens are more trusting, mainly where regimes regulate religious affairs. Overall, this study provides insight into what shapes generalized social trust in the Middle East and North Africa and it underscores that at a comparative level we need to consider inter-regional and intra-regional forms of context-dependency were we to formulate a broadly applicable theoretical framework of trust's drivers.

scholarly journals Co-evolution of cooperation and cognition: the impact of imperfect deliberation and context-sensitive intuition

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1851) ◽  
pp. 20162326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bear ◽  
Ari Kagan ◽  
David G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Sophistication

How does cognitive sophistication impact cooperation? We explore this question using a model of the co-evolution of cooperation and cognition. In our model, agents confront social dilemmas and coordination games, and make decisions using intuition or deliberation. Intuition is automatic and effortless, but relatively (although not necessarily completely) insensitive to context. Deliberation, conversely, is costly but relatively (although not necessarily perfectly) sensitive to context. We find that regardless of the sensitivity of intuition and imperfection of deliberation, deliberating undermines cooperation in social dilemmas, whereas deliberating can increase cooperation in coordination games if intuition is sufficiently sensitive. Furthermore, when coordination games are sufficiently likely, selection favours a strategy whose intuitive response ignores the contextual cues available and cooperates across contexts. Thus, we see how simple cognition can arise from active selection for simplicity, rather than just be forced to be simple due to cognitive constraints. Finally, we find that when deliberation is imperfect, the favoured strategy increases cooperation in social dilemmas (as a result of reducing deliberation) as the benefit of cooperation to the recipient increases.

scholarly journals Public moral motivation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of posts on Chinese social media

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Xiaojun Ding ◽  
Feng Yu
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Moral Motivation ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chinese Social Media

As COVID-19 struck worldwide, we were inspired by behavioral immune system theory and wondered whether there would be changes to public morality brought about by the pandemic. We tracked public reactions through posts on Chinese social media to analyze the dynamics of public moral motivation. Big data analysis shows that the impact of disaster upon moral motivation was context-sensitive. The level of the severity of the disaster played a leading role in variation of moral motivation. We found that disaster increased moral motivation only when the situation was severe, and such augmentation rapidly faded when the disaster was under control and recovery began. The sentiment of news shared during the pandemic played a regulating role, such that positive or encouraging news helped augment moral motivation only when the situation was severe. Finally, we found that the pandemic increased expressions of both agency and communion in a similar way to that of moral motivation.

scholarly journals The Price of Fame: The Impact of Stimulus Familiarity on Proactive Interference Resolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjani Prabhakaran ◽  
Sharon L. Thompson-Schill
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stimulus Familiarity ◽  
Resolution Processes ◽  
The Impact

Interference from previously learned information, known as proactive interference (PI), limits our memory retrieval abilities. Previous studies of PI resolution have focused on the role of short-term familiarity, or recency, in causing PI. In the present study, we investigated the impact of long-term stimulus familiarity on PI resolution processes. In two behavioral experiments and one event-related fMRI experiment, long-term familiarity was manipulated through the use of famous and nonfamous stimuli, and short-term familiarity was manipulated through the use of recent and nonrecent probe items in an item recognition task. The right middle frontal gyrus demonstrated greater sensitivity to famous stimuli, suggesting that long-term stimulus familiarity plays a role in influencing PI resolution processes. Further examination of the effect of long-term stimulus familiarity on PI resolution revealed a larger behavioral interference effect for famous stimuli, but only under speeded response conditions. Thus, models of memory retrieval—and of the cognitive control mechanisms that guide retrieval processes—should consider the impact of and interactions among sources of familiarity on multiple time scales.

scholarly journals The impact of timing in innovation management

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Beckett ◽  
Andrew O'Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Management ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Organisational Performance ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intermediary Organisations ◽  
Wrong Place

An innovative idea launched in the wrong place at the wrong time may not deliver the outcomes hoped for. Based on 55 empirical studies, Bowen, Rostami and Steel (2010) suggest ‘timing is everything’ if innovation is to enhance organisational performance, but there is also a need to understand contextual factors. The paper presents a theoretical model representing the interaction of idea, place, resources and temporal factors that draws on the Ancient Greek notion of Kairos linking events in time and timely action. Longitudinal studies of four intermediary organisations intended to enhance SME innovation capabilities are compared at different stages in their evolution. The cases highlight the context-sensitive nature of innovation: an idea that has been successfully implemented in one place at one time may not be successful at another place or another time.

scholarly journals Boundary Spanners in Global Partnerships

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Søderberg ◽  
Laurence Romani
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Spanning ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Boundary Spanners ◽  
Collaborative Partnership ◽  
Strategic Partnerships ◽  
Partner Status ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

Western companies’ outsourcing of projects to emergent markets is increasingly being replaced by strategic partnerships that require close collaboration between clients and vendors. This study focuses on interorganizational boundary-spanning activities in the context of global information technology (IT) development projects from the rare perspective of Indian vendor managers in one of the world’s largest IT service companies. It draws on a qualitative study of a collaborative partnership and focuses on the key boundary spanners who are responsible for developing trustful and sustainable client relationships and coordinating highly complex projects. We analyze vendor managers’ narratives of their collaboration with a European client in a long-term project, which is presented as a strategic partnership in an outsourcing 3.0 mode. The study offers a rich and conceptualized account of those managers’ boundary-spanning activities and a context-sensitive understanding of their boundary work. The study applies Bourdieu’s concept of capital (economic, cultural, social, and symbolic) not only in its analysis of the two powerful partners but also in its discussion of the boundary-spanning activities that are reported. The analysis demonstrates the coexistence of transactive and transformative modes of collaboration in the studied case. It reveals both the importance of partner status and the impact of that status on the forms of boundary-spanning activities in which the partners engage. Finally, this study suggests new research questions that will promote an understanding of both transactive and transformative boundary spanning and the reciprocity of boundary-spanning activities between vendor and client in a global collaborative partnership.

scholarly journals Technology-Mediated Experiences and Social Context: Relevant Needs in Private Vs. Public Interaction and the Importance of Others for Positive Affect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia von Terzi ◽  
Stefan Tretter ◽  
Alarith Uhde ◽  
Marc Hassenzahl ◽  
Sarah Diefenbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
The Impact

Technologies, such as smartphones or wearables, take a central role in our daily lives. Making their use meaningful and enjoyable requires a better understanding of the prerequisites and underpinnings of positive experiences with such technologies. So far, a focus had been on the users themselves, that is, their individual goals, desires, feelings, and acceptance. However, technology is often used in a social context, observed by others or even used in interaction with others, and thus shapes social dynamics considerably. In the present paper, we start from the notion that meaningful and/or enjoyable experiences (i.e., wellbeing) are a major outcome of technology use. We investigate how these experiences are further shaped by social context, such as potential spectators. More specifically, we gathered private (while being alone) and public (while other people are present) positive experiences with technology and compared need fulfillment and affective experience. In addition, we asked participants to imagine a change in context (from private to public or public to private) and to report the impact of this change on experience. Results support the idea of particular social needs, such as relatedness and popularity, which are especially relevant and better fulfilled in public than in private contexts. Moreover, our findings show that participants experience less positive affect when imaginatively removing the present others from a formerly public interaction, i.e., when they imagine performing the same interaction but without the other people present. Overall, this underlines the importance of social context for Human-Computer Interaction practice and research. Practical implications relate to product development, e.g., designing interactive technologies that can adapt to context (changes) or allow for context-sensitive interaction sets. We discuss limitations related to the experimental exploration of social context, such as the method of data collection, as well as potential alternatives to address those limitations, such as diary studies.

scholarly journals Organisational development to support integrated care in East London: the perspective of clinicians and social workers on the ground

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bussu ◽  
Martin Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Care ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Organisational Development ◽  
Frontline Staff ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
The Impact

PurposeOrganisational Development (OD), with its focus on partnership working and distributed leadership, is increasingly advocated as an effective approach to driving change. Our evaluation of the impact of OD on delivery of integrated care in three London boroughs sheds light on how OD is being understood and implemented within health services, and what impact it is having on delivery of care.Design/methodology/approachThe findings presented here are based on a qualitative and participatory evaluation. The authors looked at how health and social care professionals communicated and coordinated delivery of care and evaluated the impact of current OD activities on the ground to evidence whether and to which degree they are enabling frontline staff to change their working routines towards greater coordination.FindingsOur findings highlight the limited reach and scope of a top-down approach to OD based on ad hoc coaching and staff engagement events, often delivered by external consultancies, and mostly focused at the senior management level. This approach fell short of enabling the creation of sustainable, integrated and collaborative organisations. Instead, some of the professionals that participated in our study tried to develop spaces that facilitated ongoing dialogue and mutual support among professionals on the ground.Practical implicationsInitiatives of bottom-up OD such as those described in this paper have greater potential to change working routines as they enable staff to move towards more collaborative and coordinated work.Originality/valueThese findings contribute to the literature on OD in public services and highlight the benefits of a context-sensitive, pragmatic, and long-term approach to OD to help create sustainable collaborative organisations.

Dating Violence in an Urban Turkish Context: Listening to Young People from an Intersectional Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199744
Author(s):  
Anil Ozge Ustunel
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Culturally Tailored ◽  
Socialization Processes ◽  
Attention To Diversity ◽  
The Impact

Intersectional approaches have challenged the field of domestic violence to pay more attention to diversity in women’s experiences and highlighted the significance of their social contexts and positions, such as class, race, religion, in shaping their understanding of and responses to violence. In the dating violence (DV) literature, a similar call has been made to develop contextualized accounts of DV and to address the heterogeneity of young people through DV prevention programs. Nevertheless, to date, intersectional thinking has not been fully utilized in DV research. The present study aims to address this gap in the literature and investigate how young people make sense of and experience DV from an intersectional perspective in an urban Turkish context. The data for the current study came from individual interviews conducted with 39 college students, aged 18–25. The interviews inquired into how young people understood, explained, and experienced DV. The interviews were analyzed thematically, culminating into four main themes: (a) DV as control, (b) DV as resulting from traditional gender norms, (c) DV as women’s fault, and (d) DV-related socialization processes. Some of these main themes were interpreted and experienced differently by the participants depending on their gender and the impact of traditional, Islamic, and egalitarian discourses on their accounts. The result demonstrated nuanced differences in young people’s meaning-making perspectives, needs, and vulnerabilities to DV. In the Turkish context, these results are intended to inform the burgeoning field of DV research and to guide the development of diversity-informed, culturally tailored, and context-sensitive prevention practices.

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