scholarly journals Changes of Causal Attribution by a Co-actor in Situations of Obvious Causality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Hayashida ◽  
Yu Miyawaki ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
External Attribution ◽  
Harm Condition ◽  
Potential Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Of Responsibility

In social contexts, people are responsible for their actions and outcomes. Diffusion of responsibility is a well-known social phenomenon: people feel less responsible when performing an action with co-actors than when acting alone. In previous studies, co-actors reduced the participant’s responsibility attribution by making the cause of the outcomes ambiguous. Meanwhile, it is unclear whether the presence of co-actors creates diffusion of responsibility even in situations where it is “obvious” that both oneself and the co-actor are the causes of an outcome. To investigate this potential diffusion of responsibility, we used a temporal binding (TB) task as a measure of causal attribution. Low TB effects indicate the enhancement of external attribution (i.e., diffusion of responsibility) in perceptual processing for the action and outcomes. To investigate the influence of presence of a co-actor on causal attribution, participants were required to act under two experimental conditions: an ALONE condition (participant only) or a TOGETHER condition (with a co-actor). The only difference between the two conditions was whether the actions were shared. In addition, to make participants feel responsible, they were induced to feel guilt. In the High-harm condition, participants gave a financial reduction to a third party. When guilt was induced, participants showed lower TB effects in the TOGETHER condition compared to the ALONE condition. Our study suggests that actions with a co-actor change causal attributions even though the causes of the outcome are obvious. This may have implications for understanding diffusion of responsibility in inhumane situations.

scholarly journals SURVEY PAPER ON WIFI COMMUNITY ON ANDROID PHONES

2016 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
NAMRATA PAWAR ◽  
SONALI CHIKHALE
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Mobile Social Networking ◽  
Mobile Middleware ◽  
Share Information

With the development of wireless communication, the popularity of android phones, the increasing of social networking services, mobile social networking has become a hot research topic. Personal mobile devices have become ubiquitous and an inseparable part of our daily lives. These devices have evolved rapidly from simple phones and SMS capable devices to Smartphone’s and now with android phones that we use to connect, interact and share information with our social circles. The Smartphone’s are used for traditional two-way messaging such as voice, SMS, multimedia messages, instant messaging or email. Moreover, the recent advances in the mobile application development frameworks and application stores have encouraged third party developers to create a huge number of mobile applications that allow users to interact and share information in many novel ways. In this paper, we elaborate a flexible system architecture based on the service-oriented specification to support social interactions in campus-wide environments using Wifi. In the client side, we designed a mobile middleware to collect social contexts such as the messaging, creating group, accessing emails etc. The server backend, on the other hand, aggregates such contexts, analyses social connections among users and provides social services to facilitate social interactions. A prototype of mobile social networking system is deployed on campus, and several applications are implemented based on the proposed architecture to demonstrate the effectiveness of the architecture.

Religious belief as a resilience factor in a long-term refugee setting at the Thai-Myanmar Border, Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Peter Kaiser ◽  
Marie T. Benner ◽  
Kai Pohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Psychosocial Health ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Daily Lives

AbstractReligion has always had an influence on the causal attribution of people, i.e. how is your own destiny, happiness and misfortune interpreted? Since religious belief is not static, it is strongly influenced by the experiences that sufferers have gained in their past. It therefore plays an important role in dealing with trauma and stress in humanitarian crises – especially in vulnerable populations (such as refugees) and can be a source of power in difficult times. There are systematic studies on psychological implications of trauma in the context of war and forced migration on affected populations, especially regarding the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, but the effects of religious beliefs are not well understood yet. This study examines the role of religion in the daily lives of Karen refugees in long-term refugee settings along the Thai-Myanmar border and the possible influence that religion can have on dealing with crisis situations and one's own destiny. Resilience is a factor that is easily overlooked by mental health services, especially in situations where people are dependent on third party help. Psychosocial health care should take into account the role of religious beliefs in terms of expectations and causal attribution.

Do Subsidization and Monitoring Enhance Adherence to Prescribed Exercise?

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shepich ◽  
Julie M. Slowiak ◽  
Allen Keniston
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Purpose. We studied whether partial versus full subsidization and self versus other monitoring promote adherence to physician-prescribed exercise. Method. We randomly assigned 132 participants to experimental conditions defined by two levels of subsidization and two types of monitoring. Physicians wrote prescriptions as referrals to an exercise facility. A computer recorded participants' exercise for 12 weeks. A sponsoring medical organization paid half or all of the facility's fees. Half of the participants kept records of workouts, and half reported workouts to researchers who telephoned them. Results. Fully subsidized patients averaged 21.41 workouts versus 16.67 workouts by partially subsidized patients (p < .05). Researcher-monitored participants averaged 22.14 workouts versus 15.96 workouts by self-monitored participants (p < .01). Conclusions. Full subsidization and third-party monitoring increased exercise rates. These findings encourage use of both to enhance prescribed exercise rates and continued study of factors that contribute to the efficacy of prescribed exercise.

scholarly journals Binding Constants of Clinical Drugs and Other Organic Ligands with Human and Mammalian Serum Albumins

Biophysica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-358
Author(s):  
Igor Sedov ◽  
Alena Nikiforova ◽  
Diliara Khaibrakhmanova
Keyword(s):  
Binding Constants ◽  
Organic Ligands ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium Binding ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Clinical Drugs ◽  
Experimental Values

A dataset containing the experimental values of the equilibrium binding constants of clinical drugs, and some other organic ligands with human and mammalian (predominantly bovine) serum albumins, is assembled. The affinity of drugs to albumin governs their pharmacokinetic properties, related to permeability through physiological barriers and distribution within the organism. The dataset contains 1755 records gathered from 346 original literature sources describing the albumin affinity of 324 different substances. The data were extracted from both articles and existing protein-binding databases applied strict data selection rules in order to exclude the values influenced by the third-party compounds. The dataset provides the details on the experimental conditions of the measurements, such as temperature; protein and ligand concentrations; buffer pH, composition and concentration; and the method and model used for the binding constant calculations. Analysis of the data reveals discrepancies between the values from different studies, as well as the significant influence of the measurement method. Averaging the values from multiple independent measurements from the dataset may help to determine the reliable values of the binding constants. The dataset can be used as the reference dataset for the development of predictive models to calculate binding constants, and as the choice for the experimental setup in the future albumin-binding studies.

scholarly journals Human infants’ understanding of social imitation: Inferences of affiliation from third party observations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey J. Powell ◽  
Elizabeth S. Spelke
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Number Of Parties

AbstractImitation is ubiquitous in positive social interactions. For adult and child observers, it also supports inferences about the participants in such interactions and their social relationships, but the origins of these inferences are obscure. Do infants attach social significance to this form of interaction? Here we test 4- to 5.5-month-old infants’ interpretation of imitation, asking if the imitative interactions they observe support inferences of social affiliation across 10 experimental conditions that varied the modality of the imitation (movement vs. sound), the roles of specific characters (imitators vs. targets), the number of characters in the displays (3 vs. 5), and the number of parties initiating affiliative test events (1 vs. 2). These experiments, together with one experiment conducted with 12-month-old infants, yielded three main findings. First, infants expect that characters who engaged in imitation will approach and affiliate with the characters whom they imitated. Second, infants show no evidence of expecting that characters who were targets of imitation will approach and affiliate with their imitators. Third, analyzing imitative interactions is difficult for young infants, whose expectations vary in strength depending on the number of characters to be tracked and the number of affiliative actors to be compared. These findings have implications for our understanding of social imitation, and they provide methods for advancing understanding of other aspects of early social cognitive development.

Interpersonal harm aversion as a necessary foundation for morality: A developmental neuroscience perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Decety ◽  
Jason M. Cowell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Hedonic Value ◽  
Developmental Neuroscience ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Computational Processes ◽  
Interpersonal Harm

AbstractGrowing evidence from developmental psychology and social neuroscience emphasizes the importance of third-party harm aversion for constructing morality. A sensitivity to interpersonal harm emerges very early in ontogeny, as reflected in both the capacity for implicit social evaluation and an aversion for antisocial agents. Yet it does not necessarily entail avoidance toward inflicting pain to others. Later, an understanding that harmful actions cause suffering emerges, followed by an integration of rules that can depend on social contexts and cultures. These developmental findings build on a burgeoning literature, which suggests that the fundamental nature of moral and social cognition, including their motivational and hedonic value, lies in general computational processes such as attention, approach–avoidance, social valuation, and decision making rather than in fully distinct, dedicated neural regions for morality. Bridging the gap between cognition and behaviors and the requisite affective, motivational, and cognitive mechanisms, a developmental neuroscience approach enriches our understanding of the emergence of morality.

scholarly journals Improvised Numerals Rely on 1-to-1 Correspondence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Holt ◽  
David Barner ◽  
Judith Fan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
Iconic Representations ◽  
Visual Properties ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Symbolic representations of number are instrumental to mathematical reasoning and many aspects of social organization. What explains their emergence in human cultures? To understand how functional and cognitive constraints impact people’s communication about number, we used a drawing-based reference game to investigate how human dyads coordinated to form novel number systems. We found a systematic bias towards symbols exploiting 1-to-1 correspondence to objects in visual arrays, and that this strategy was contingent on the communicative relevance of number. Moreover, the meaning of these symbols was transparent to third party observers not present during their production. Finally, model-based analyses of these symbols' visual properties suggest that the ability to decode exact quantity from them may rely on perceptual processing mechanisms beyond those sufficient for object recognition. These findings contribute to our understanding of how both communicative need and capacity for visual abstraction constrain the emergence of iconic representations of exact number.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS AND ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT AMONG COLLEGES OF EDUCATION STUDENTS IN NORTH- WESTERN NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
A. Sambo ◽  
M. Balarabe ◽  
A. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Academic Attainment ◽  
Colleges Of Education ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
North West ◽  
External Attribution ◽  
Relationship Of

This study investigated the relationship of causal attributions and academic attainment of Colleges of Education students in north- west geo- political zone of Nigeria. The study was based on the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between causal attributions and academic attainment of students. The questionnaire on Academic Causal Attribution Scale (ACAS) were administered to 389 students (300 level) drawn from eight (8) Colleges o f Education. Furthermore, students’ Grade Point Average (GPA) was used as measures of academic attainment. Thus, Pearson Product Moment Correlation was employed to determine the degree of relationship of the said variables. Thus, the findings revealed that there were no significant correlations identified among the causal attribution factors and academic attainment of students except with external attribution of failure in which significant correlation was established with academic attainment. The study therefore, recommends that students should not be reprimanded when they fail examination, instead, they should be encouraged to put more efforts and they should be involved in teaching and learning activities in a bid to encourage them so that they will record success in their future academic pursuit and as well minimize shifting blame for their failure consistently to external factors.

The mediating effects of attribution styles on the relationship between overt-covert narcissism and forgiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Sun Ra ◽  
Sung Yi Cha ◽  
Myoung-Ho Hyun ◽  
Sung Man Bae
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Responsibility Attributions ◽  
Overt Narcissism ◽  
Attribution Styles ◽  
Covert Narcissism ◽  
The Relationship

The aim in the current study was to investigate the causal relationships among the variables of covert-overt narcissism, causal attribution, responsibility attribution, and forgiveness based on the entailment model. Our aim was to differentiate between overt and covert narcissism in terms of their relationship with forgiveness. First, our findings in this study demonstrated that only covert narcissism was associated with forgiveness, whereas there was no association between overt narcissism and forgiveness. Second, path analysis revealed that both causal attribution and responsibility attribution mediated the relationship between covert narcissism and forgiveness, but this was not the case for overt narcissism. In addition, responsibility attributions mediated the relationship between causal attributions and forgiveness. Study implications are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document