Religious belief as a resilience factor in a long-term refugee setting at the Thai-Myanmar Border, Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Peter Kaiser ◽  
Marie T. Benner ◽  
Kai Pohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Psychosocial Health ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Daily Lives

AbstractReligion has always had an influence on the causal attribution of people, i.e. how is your own destiny, happiness and misfortune interpreted? Since religious belief is not static, it is strongly influenced by the experiences that sufferers have gained in their past. It therefore plays an important role in dealing with trauma and stress in humanitarian crises – especially in vulnerable populations (such as refugees) and can be a source of power in difficult times. There are systematic studies on psychological implications of trauma in the context of war and forced migration on affected populations, especially regarding the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, but the effects of religious beliefs are not well understood yet. This study examines the role of religion in the daily lives of Karen refugees in long-term refugee settings along the Thai-Myanmar border and the possible influence that religion can have on dealing with crisis situations and one's own destiny. Resilience is a factor that is easily overlooked by mental health services, especially in situations where people are dependent on third party help. Psychosocial health care should take into account the role of religious beliefs in terms of expectations and causal attribution.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoids and the brain after critical illness

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice R Hill ◽  
Joanna L Spencer-Segal
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Acute Elevation ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract Treatment for critical illness typically focuses on a patient’s short-term physical recovery; however, recent work has broadened our understanding of the long-term implications of illness and treatment strategies. In particular, survivors of critical illness have significantly elevated risk of developing lasting cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we examine the role of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids in neuropsychiatric outcomes following critical illness. Illness is marked by acute elevation of free cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) suppression, which typically normalize after recovery; however, prolonged dysregulation can sometimes occur. High glucocorticoid levels can cause lasting alterations to the plasticity and structural integrity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and this mechanism may plausibly contribute to impaired memory and cognition in critical illness survivors, though specific evidence is lacking. Glucocorticoids may also exacerbate inflammation-associated neural damage. Conversely, current evidence indicates that glucocorticoids during illness may protect against the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We propose future directions for research in this field, including determining the role of persistent glucocorticoid elevations after illness in neuropsychiatric outcomes, the role of systemic vs. neuroinflammation, and probing unexplored lines of investigation on the role of mineralocorticoid receptors and the gut-brain axis. Progress toward personalized medicine in this area has the potential to produce tangible improvements to the lives patients after a critical illness, including Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Managing the refugee crises in South Asia: The role of SAARC

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
History Of

South Asia is home to roughly three million refugees and their long-term presence brings enormous challenges. South Asia’s history of colonialism, low economic development, and intra- and inter-state conflicts have contributed to the large-scale refugee movement and the lack of capacity to address the problem. This article examines the history, current activity and potential for regional cooperation in South Asia to address the issue. The article focuses particularly on the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the structure and culture of the organization and the likelihood of it addressing the politically complex issue of forced migration.

Childhood emotional abuse and posttraumatic stress symptoms in women: the mediating role of mindfulness

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Laforte ◽  
Caroline Dugal ◽  
Claude Bélanger ◽  
Natacha Godbout
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Childhood Emotional Abuse ◽  
The Relationship

More than one-third of adults report having experienced emotional abuse in childhood, which is one of the most common interpersonal traumas. Although survivors of interpersonal trauma are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress symptoms, few studies have specifically examined the links between childhood emotional abuse and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in adulthood. Recent studies highlight the role of mindfulness as a key variable in understanding how interpersonal traumas can be associated with long-term post-traumatic stress symptoms (Godbout, Dion, & Bigras, 2016). The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and post- traumatic stress symptoms. The sample consisted of 354 women from the community who responded to self -reported online questionnaires. The results of multiple regression analyses show that the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and symptoms of post-traumatic stress is explained by a decrease in mindfulness capacities. Overall, the results highlight the role of mindfulness as a mechanism partially explaining the impacts of interpersonal traumas in childhood.

Rehabilitation Psychology Insights for Treatment of Critical Illness Survivors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Jutte ◽  
James C. Jackson ◽  
Ramona O. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Rehabilitation Psychology ◽  
Acute Distress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Anxiety Depression

This chapter discusses the role of rehabilitation psychologists in the care of the critically ill patient during and after a stay in intensive care unit (ICU). Since post-ICU cognitive impairments and psychiatric difficulties such as anxiety, depression, acute distress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder may not be preventable altogether, it is important to attempt to minimize long-term impairment and distress. Because of the thorough training rehabilitation psychologists receive in assessment and intervention practices in patients with a variety of complex medical conditions, rehabilitation psychologists are particularly well-suited to identify and address the complex post-ICU morbidities faced by critical illness survivors across the continuum of care environments. Interventions across settings to minimize delirium, reduce psychological distress, and shore up cognitive deficits could positively influence patients’ recovery trajectories and quality of life.

scholarly journals Holding doctrinal belief as an artefact

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
ELENA KALMYKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Lived Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article, I consider how empirical research on religious belief poses a puzzle for the relationship between religious doctrines and lived religion, and develop one solution to that puzzle. The empirical evidence shows that believers are commonly incorrect about the content of doctrinal statements, and apparently not much interested in that content. I argue that this finding calls for a new understanding of the role of doctrinal commitments in religious life. I propose that in many cases believers relate to doctrinal statements in rather the way that they relate to sacred artefacts, that is, by way of an attitude of reverence and strong adherence, and independently of any attempt to discern the content of doctrinal claims. I note how this account avoids some of the difficulties of alternative solutions, which may undermine the claim of religious beliefs to count as genuine beliefs.

scholarly journals Quality of research as source and signal: revisiting the valorization process beyond substitution vs complementarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bonaccorsi ◽  
Brigida Blasi ◽  
Carmela Anna Nappi ◽  
Sandra Romagnosi
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
Research Activities

AbstractIn recent years, the growing interest of universities in valorization of research activities (tipically through technology transfer—patenting and licensing—and academic entrepreneurship) has generated a debate on its impact on scientific knowledge production. There have been controversies on the potentially negative effect of university research valorization on public research, in terms of quality, long term vs short term orientation, and accessibility. The debate has been traditionally framed in terms of substitution vs complementarity between public research and valorization. In this paper we argue that the key to understand the relation between public research and valorization lies in the role of research funding, particularly: (a) competitive public research funding; (b) third party commercial funding. If the funding system (both public and private) takes the value of academic research as signal of quality, then high quality researchers are able to attract extra-funds beyond ordinary endowment. In turn, these additional funds can be used as a source to organize an effective and long-term division of labor in laboratories in order to support inventions and licensing (patents) and entrepreneurial activities (spin-off companies). In this case academic quality and commercialization are strong complement and positive feedback loops are generated. This interpretation on the role of funding is strongly supported by original data from the Italian Evaluation of Research Quality VQR 2011–2014 dataset. The paper is based on a unique and novel dataset, that integrates data on valorization of research activities at individual and institutional level on all the Italian universities and microdata on research quality on 32,616 researchers in STEM disciplines.

Simple conditioning with monospecific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells for bone marrow engraftment and tolerance to multiple gene products

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1841-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
David-Alexandre Gross ◽  
Pascal Chappert ◽  
Marylene Leboeuf ◽  
Virginie Monteilhet ◽  
Laetitia Van Wittenberghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Autologous Bone Marrow ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Peripheral Tolerance ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Bone Marrow Engraftment

Abstract A major impediment to gene replacement therapy is immune elimination of genetically modified cells. In principle, this can be dealt with by inducing a strong, specific, and enduring tolerance through engraftment of transgene-modified autologous bone marrow (BM). Because usual myeloablation and/or immunosuppression are risk factors in most pathologies, we assessed the potential of monospecific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to engraft minor-mismatched BM without preconditioning. We found that as few as 5 × 104 Tregs directed to the male DBY protein promote the engraftment of foreign male BM into sex-mismatched female hosts, establishing sustained chimerism in all hematopoeitic compartments. We achieved concomitantly strong tolerance to all foreign antigens expressed in the BM, likely occurring through induction of anergy and/or deletion of antidonor T cells. Chimerism was obtained in thymectomized mice too, underlining the major role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in our system. This allowed us to engraft gene-modified tissues while preserving full immunocompetence to third-party antigens. Our results demonstrate that very few donor-specific Tregs are effective as the sole conditioning to induce mixed molecular chimerism and long-term tolerance to multiple foreign antigens.

Causal attribution, coping strategies, and combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Mikulincer ◽  
Zahava Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Israeli Soldiers

The present study assesses the intervening role of ways of coping in mediating the effects of causal attribution for negative events on combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sample consisted of Israeli soldiers who suffered a combat stress reaction episode during the 1982 Lebanon War and were followed 2 and 3 years after their participation in combat. The results showed that an attribution of negative events to stable and uncontrollable causes was associated with both a more frequent use of emotion‐focused coping and a less frequent use of problem‐focused coping. It was also found that emotion‐focused coping and problem‐focused coping were more direct antecedents of combat‐related PTSD than causal attribution. Finally, it was found that the association between causal attribution and combat‐related PTSD was mediated by variations in emotion‐focused coping. The discussion attempts to integrate theoretical notions derived from attributional models and Lazarus and Folkman's stress‐coping model.

Refugees and populations exposed to mass conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 1401-1412
Author(s):  
Mina Fazel ◽  
Susan Rees ◽  
Derrick Silove
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Unaccompanied Minors ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Forms Of Violence

The mental health implications of forced migration because of conflict, leading to large populations of displaced and refugee adults and children, are the focus of this chapter. The factors leading to forced migration are discussed in light of their impacts on mental illness, both in the short and long term. Rates of mental illness, especially depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder, are raised in these populations, with exposure to torture and other forms of violence the strongest predictors for subsequent disorders. A framework for assessment is proposed, and a discussion of the cycles of violence that can impact on children and women raised. Specific populations of note are considered, including those in immigration detention, unaccompanied minors, and trafficked populations. The range of interventions that have been trialled to treat mental illness in refugee populations are presented.

Archiving

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Electronic Data ◽  
Storage Security ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
The Eu

This chapter discusses the importance of archiving the data. As well as regulatory advice the requirements of the most useful reference guide, ISO11799, is reviewed. Practical advice on issues such as location, storage, security, and environmental controls is given. The management of the archive from preparation to transfer of data is described. Methods of indexing and cataloguing together with tracking are detailed and systems for retrieval of data are explored. The role of the archivist in audits and inspections is discussed as the content of the TMF will be assessed during audit to ensure a clear audit trail is maintained. Retention times for essential documents are reviewed in the EU the regulation stipulates that data has to be kept for 25 years. As more and more information has to be archived the use of off-site or commercial archives is becoming more common and the additional requirements for a third party service provider are described. The introduction of eArchiving and the associated problems with long term storage of electronic data are discussed along with the various methods that may be used. The FDA issued guidance for electronic data and compliance with this guidance, CFR21 part 11, is vital. CFR 21 part 11 is widely followed within Europe and the standard is frequently referred to by the regulatory inspectors.

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