scholarly journals Association of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Events Occurring During Pregnancy and Perinatal Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Liu ◽  
Yuqiong He ◽  
Yanmei Shen ◽  
Yuanyue Zhou ◽  
Tiantian Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Instrumental Delivery ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: The relationship of events occurring during pregnancy and perinatal period with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not clear. Thus, the focus of the current study was to examine the effects of events occurring during pregnancy and perinatal period on ADHD.Methods: A two-phase cross-sectional study was performed across 13 schools in Changsha and Yiyang cities from March to December, 2014. We preliminarily screened all students using CBCL and established the diagnosis using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). A total of 3,418 questionnaires were effectively completed in this study.Results: History of threatened abortion (TA) [odds ratio (OR): 1.707 (1.201–2.426)] (vs. No-TA) and neonatal asphyxia (NA) [OR: 2.497(1.225–5.09)] (vs. health) showed a positive association with ADHD. On subgroup analysis, TA [OR: 2.216 (1.458–3.369)] (vs. No-TA) was a risk factor for ADHD without comorbidity; instrumental delivery [OR: 2.748 (1.057–7.142)] (vs. natural birth) and NA [OR: 2.789 (1.222–6.361)] (vs. health) were risk factors for ADHD in the subgroup of ADHD with comorbidity; TA (vs. no-TA) and NA (vs. health) were risk factors for ADHD among male students [ORs: 2.232 (1.439–3.462) and 2.808 (1.115–7.068), respectively], while low birth weight (LBW) (vs. normal birth weight) was a risk factor [OR: 2.054 (1.063–3.967)] for ADHD among female students.Conclusion: TA was a risk factor for ADHD in the absence of comorbid conditions; instrumental delivery and NA were risk factors for ADHD in the subgroup of ADHD with comorbidity; TA and NA were risk factors for ADHD among male students. LBW was a risk factor for ADHD among female students.

scholarly journals Genetic sensitivity analysis: adjusting for genetic confounding in epidemiological associations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Pingault ◽  
Frühling Rijsdijk ◽  
Tabea Schoeler ◽  
Shing Wan Choi ◽  
Saskia Selzam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Polygenic Scores

AbstractAssociations between exposures and outcomes reported in epidemiological studies are typically unadjusted for genetic confounding. We propose a two-stage approach for estimating the degree to which such observed associations can be explained by genetic confounding. First, we assess attenuation of exposure effects in regressions controlling for increasingly powerful polygenic scores. Second, we use structural equation models to estimate genetic confounding using heritability estimates derived from both SNP-based and twin-based studies. We examine associations between maternal education and three developmental outcomes – child educational achievement, Body Mass Index, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Polygenic scores explain between 14.3% and 23.0% of the original associations, while analyses under SNP- and twin-based heritability scenarios indicate that observed associations could be almost entirely explained by genetic confounding. Thus, caution is needed when interpreting associations from non-genetically informed epidemiology studies. Our approach, akin to a genetically informed sensitivity analysis can be applied widely.Author summaryAn objective shared across the life, behavioural, and social sciences is to identify factors that increase risk for a particular disease or trait. However, identifying true risk factors is challenging. Often, a risk factor is statistically associated with a disease even if it is not really relevant, meaning that even successfully improving the risk factor will not impact the disease. One reason for the existence of such misleading associations stems from genetic confounding. This is when genetic factors influence both the risk factor and the disease, which generates a statistical association even in the absence of a true effect of the risk factor. Here, we propose a method to estimate genetic confounding and quantify its effect on observed associations. We show that a large part of the associations between maternal education and three child outcomes - educational achievement, body mass index and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-is explained by genetic confounding. Our findings can be applied to better understand the role of genetics in explaining associations of key risk factors with diseases and traits.

scholarly journals Risk of suicide attempts in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide longitudinal study

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Lin Huang ◽  
Han-Ting Wei ◽  
Ju-Wei Hsu ◽  
Ya-Mei Bai ◽  
Tung-Ping Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of suicidal behaviours through psychiatric comorbidities; however, a significant direct association has not been observed between ADHD and suicide attempts.AimsTo evaluate the risk of suicide attempt in adolescents and young adults with ADHD.MethodUsing a nationwide, population-based insurance claims database, this longitudinal cohort study enrolled 20 574 adolescents and young adults with ADHD and 61 722 age- and gender-matched controls between 2001 and 2009. Any suicide attempt was identified from enrolment to 31 December 2011. The association between ADHD medications and the likelihood of suicide attempt was assessed.ResultsADHD was an independent risk factor for any suicide attempt (hazard ratio = 3.84, 95% CI = 3.19–4.62) and repeated suicide attempts (hazard ratio = 6.52, 95% CI = 4.46–9.53). Subgroup analyses of men, women, adolescents and young adults demonstrated the same trend. Methylphenidate or atomoxetine treatment did not increase the risk of suicide attempt or repeated suicide attempts. Long-term methylphenidate treatment was associated with a significantly decreased risk of repeated suicide attempts in men (hazard ratio = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.22–0.97).ConclusionADHD was a risk factor for suicide attempt and a stronger predictor of repeated suicide attempts, independent of comorbidities. Further investigation is warranted to explore the mechanism underlying the association between ADHD and suicidal behaviours.Declaration of interestNone.

Early Life Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1124-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. St. Sauver ◽  
William J. Barbaresi ◽  
Slavica K. Katusic ◽  
Robert C. Colligan ◽  
Amy L. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

scholarly journals Manipulations and Spins in Attention Disorders Research: The Case of ADHD and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Yaakov Ophir ◽  
Yaffa Shir-Raz
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Disorders ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Profile Study

This article raises awareness to manipulations and “spins” that occur in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) research. An in-depth inspection was conducted on a high-profile study that suggested that ADHD is a risk factor for infection with COVID-19 and that stimulants reduce that risk (Merzon et al., 2020b). Two additional studies by the same first author were inspected as well, one that was published in the same journal and one that relied on the same dataset. Seven manipulations and spins were identified, including inappropriate operational definitions, misrepresentations, and omissions that produced bogus results and might have concealed potential adverse effects of medications. These distortions illustrate how biased science can contribute to the ethically problematic phenomena of overdiagnosis and overmedication.

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