scholarly journals Which Factors Modulate Letter Position Coding in Pre-literate Children?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernández-López ◽  
Pablo Gómez ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Letter Pair ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Literacy Intervention ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Early Reading Acquisition ◽  
Linguistic Skills

One of the central landmarks of learning to read is the emergence of orthographic processing (i.e., the encoding of letter identity and letter order): it constitutes the necessary link between the low-level stages of visual processing and the higher-level processing of words. Regarding the processing of letter position, many experiments have shown worse performance in various tasks for the transposed-letter pair judge-JUDGE than for the orthographic control jupte-JUDGE. Importantly, 4-y.o. pre-literate children also show letter transposition effects in a same-different task: TZ-ZT is more error-prone than TZ-PH. Here, we examined whether this effect with pre-literate children is related to the cognitive and linguistic skills required to learn to read. Specifically, we examined the relation of the transposed-letter in a same-different task with the scores of these children in phonological, alphabetic and metalinguistic awareness, linguistic skills, and basic cognitive processes. To that end, we used a standardized battery to assess the abilities related with early reading acquisition. Results showed that the size of the transposed-letter effect in pre-literate children was strongly associated with the sub-test on basic cognitive processes (i.e., memory and perception) but not with the other sub-tests. Importantly, identifying children who may need a pre-literacy intervention is crucial to minimize eventual reading difficulties. We discuss how this marker can be used as a tool to anticipate reading difficulties in beginning readers.

EXPRESS: The letter position coding mechanism of second language words during sentence reading: Evidence from eye movements

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110645
Author(s):  
Fengjiao Cong ◽  
Baoguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

We conducted three eye movement experiments to investigate the mechanism for coding letter positions in a person’s second language during sentence reading; we also examined the role of morphology in this process with more rigorous manipulation. Given that readers not only obtain information from currently fixated words (i.e., the foveal area) but also from upcoming words (i.e., the parafoveal area) to guide their reading, we examined both when the targets were fixated (Exp. 1) and when the targets were seen parafoveally (Exp. 2 and Exp. 3). First, we found the classic transposed letter (TL) effect in Exp. 1, but not in Exp. 2 or Exp. 3. This implies that flexible letter position coding exists during sentence reading. However, this was limited to words located in the foveal area, suggesting that L2 readers whose L2 proficiency is not as high as skilled native readers are not able to extract and utilize the parafoveal letter identity and position information of a word, whether the word length is long (Exp. 2) or short (Exp. 3). Second, we found morphological information to influence the magnitude of the TL effect in Exp. 1. These results provide new eye movement evidence for the flexibility of L2 letter position coding during sentence reading, as well as the interactions between the different internal representations of words in this process. Altogether, this is helpful for understanding L2 sentence reading and visual word recognition. Thus, future L2 reading frameworks should integrate word recognition and eye movement control models.

scholarly journals Parafoveal letter-position coding in reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Snell ◽  
Daisy Bertrand ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Letter Position ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

Using Game-Based Learning to Improve Boys' Literacy

2022 ◽  
pp. 249-268
Author(s):  
Minda M. B. Marshall ◽  
Marinda Marshall
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Literacy Intervention ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Whole School ◽  
Visual Intelligence

This chapter foregrounds an online gamified visual intelligence innovation (eyebraingym) developed to enhance visual processing skills, improve memory and vocabulary, and increase reading fluency. The explicit aim of the innovation is to improve comprehension towards visual intelligence. Ninety-eight Grade 8 learners at a South African Boy's School completed their online development during the 2021 academic year. These learners were part of a group of students participating in a whole school reading and literacy intervention program. The innovation is an integral part of this ongoing project. Their interaction with the innovation consists of 15 sessions completed once or twice a week for 20 – 40 minutes over five months. The results of the project are positive. It shows that most participating students improved their perceptual development and reading speed (VPF) and cognitive development and comprehension skills (CDF). In addition, these outcomes transferred to improved relative efficiency when working with information (AIUF).

Metalinguistic aspects of bilingual processing

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Bialystok
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Syntactic Awareness ◽  
Alternate Conception ◽  
Bilingual Processing ◽  
And Control ◽  
Metalinguistic Ability

This chapter examines differences in metalinguistic development between monolingual and bilingual children in terms of three subcategories: word awareness, syntactic awareness, and phonological awareness. In each case, some studies have reported advantages for bilingual children, but equally, other studies have found either no difference between the groups, or, in some cases, monolingual advantages. In the discussion of each of these areas, the kinds of tasks for which bilingual and monolingual children perform differently are identified. In none of these three subcategories of metalinguistic awareness do bilingual children exhibit a uniform and consistent advantage over monolinguals. An alternate conception of metalinguistic ability is proposed in which two cognitive processes, analysis and control, are directly responsible for task performance. These processes are involved in all metalinguistic tasks but to different degrees. Re-examining the results in this way reveals that bilingual advantages occur reliably on tasks that make high demands on control but are not evident in tasks that make high demands on analysis. The implications of this pattern for metalinguistic ability are considered.

How is letter position coding attained in scripts with position-dependent allography?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1600-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahire Yakup ◽  
Wayit Abliz ◽  
Joan Sereno ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Letter Position ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Position Coding

The Role of the Right Posterior Parietal Cortex in Letter Migration between Words

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Cazzoli ◽  
René M. Müri ◽  
Christopher Kennard ◽  
Clive R. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Letter Position Coding ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Right

When briefly presented with pairs of words, skilled readers can sometimes report words with migrated letters (e.g., they report hunt when presented with the words hint and hurt). This and other letter migration phenomena have been often used to investigate factors that influence reading such as letter position coding. However, the neural basis of letter migration is poorly understood. Previous evidence has implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in processing visuospatial attributes and lexical properties during word reading. The aim of this study was to assess this putative role by combining an inhibitory TMS protocol with a letter migration paradigm, which was designed to examine the contributions of visuospatial attributes and lexical factors. Temporary interference with the right PPC led to three specific effects on letter migration. First, the number of letter migrations was significantly increased only in the group with active stimulation (vs. a sham stimulation group or a control group without stimulation), and there was no significant effect on other error types. Second, this effect occurred only when letter migration could result in a meaningful word (migration vs. control context). Third, the effect of active stimulation on the number of letter migrations was lateralized to target words presented on the left. Our study thus demonstrates that the right PPC plays a specific and causal role in the phenomenon of letter migration. The nature of this role cannot be explained solely in terms of visuospatial attention, rather it involves an interplay between visuospatial attentional and word reading-specific factors.

scholarly journals Exploring Destination Choice Intention by Using the Tourism Photographic: From the Perspectives of Visual Esthetic Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Deng ◽  
Yingxing Lin ◽  
Lijun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Visual Appeal ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Practical Implications

This study aims to deepen the understanding of tourism photography by developing and testing a theoretical model that accounts for the relationships between visual esthetics and destination choice intention of tourists. Thus, we sought to use a stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) paradigm to predict destination choice intention, which includes three variables related to visual esthetics: first impression, visual appeal, and esthetic emotion. We used the combination of self-reported and eye movement data to examine the cognitive processes of tourists that visual esthetic formation. We found that compared to the built environment and amateur esthetic images, natural environment and professional esthetic images can get (1) higher visual appeal, (2) better first impression, and (3) higher visual processing fluency (or less cognitive effort) and positive esthetic emotions. Furthermore, visual appeal, first impression, and esthetic emotion deriving from environment esthetics and photograph esthetics have a positive impact on destination choice intention. This study has practical implications for destination planning and management.

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