scholarly journals From Hand to Eye With the Devil In-Between: Which Cognitive Mechanisms Underpin the Benefit From Handwriting Training When Learning Visual Graphs?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Fernandes ◽  
Susana Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Future Challenge ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Graph Recognition ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Visual Graph

Cognitive science has recently shown a renewed interest on the benefit from training in handwriting (HW) when learning visual graphs, given that this learning experience improves more subsequent visual graph recognition than other forms of training. However, the underlying cognitive mechanism of this HW benefit has been elusive. Building on the 50 years of research on this topic, the present work outlines a theoretical approach to study this mechanism, specifying testable hypotheses that will allow distinguishing between confronting perspectives, i.e., symbolic accounts that hold that perceptual learning and visual analysis underpin the benefit from HW training vs. embodied sensorimotor accounts that argue for motoric representations as inner part of orthographic representations acquired via HW training. From the evidence critically revisited, we concluded that symbolic accounts are parsimonious and could better explain the benefit from HW training when learning visual graphs. The future challenge will be to put at test the detailed predictions presented here, so that the devil has no longer room in this equation.

scholarly journals From hand to eye: A meta-analysis of the benefit from handwriting training in visual graph recognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Araújo ◽  
miguel domingues ◽  
Tania Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Graph Recognition ◽  
Phonological Training ◽  
Visual Graph

Handwriting (HW) training seems to boost recognition of visual graphs and learning to read more than other learning experiences. However, effects across studies appear to be variable and the underlying cognitive mechanism has been elusive. We thus conducted a meta-analysis on 50 independent experiments (with 1525 participants) to determine the magnitude of this HW benefit in visual graph recognition, while enlightening the underlying cognitive mechanism, by investigating four types of moderators: training program (type of control training, presence/absence of phonological training, and HW tasks adopted); set size and training regime (duration and frequency of training session and total amount of training); granularity of visual discrimination and perceptual learning tasks; and age of participants. The benefit from HW training was moderate-to-large and significant (Hedge’s g = 0.58, SE = .09) and was also modulated by type of control training (larger relative to motor, g = 0.78, than to visual control, g = 0.37), phonological training (larger when it was absent, g = 0.79, than present, g = 0.47), and granularity of visual discrimination (larger for fine-grained, g = 0.93, than coarse-grained, g = 0.19). These results are consistent with symbolic accounts that hold that the advantage from HW training in visual graph recognition is about perceptual learning rather than the motor act. Multiple meta-regressions also revealed that training regime modulated the HW benefit. We conclude that HW training is effective to improve visual graph recognition, and hence, is still relevant for literacy instruction in the present digital era.

An examination of students' perceptions of the Kekulé resonance representation using a perceptual learning theory lens

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kim ◽  
L. Kate Wright ◽  
Kathryn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Kekulé Structures ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Root Cause

Students in chemistry often demonstrate difficulty with the principle of resonance. Despite many attempts to mitigate this difficulty, there have been few attempts to examine the root cause of these issues. In this study, students were assessed for their perception of Kekulé structures based on perceptual learning theory, which is grounded in cognitive mechanisms of visual perception. The data from this assessment shows that students are perceiving inappropriate clues from this representation, which infers that the image itself might be an impediment to learning about resonance. Employment of a metarepresentational competence approach was used to address these misperceptions.

parties in boats, boat-shacks, on the beach, in the jungle and plantations. They take possession of men's working tools, like nets and boats, and invert their normal function by using them in their nocturnal gatherings. In the stories in which witches take possession of male objects, they generally appear in groups. Their gatherings are given an orgiastic character, in that they are suggestive of sexual transgression. According to Souza (1989), such sabbaths aie revelations of a collective unconscious in which sexual activities are both the biggest taboo and the supreme, untouchable desire. in the profanation of religious sacraments. Souza’s claim that sabbaths prevail in Brazil (ibid.) is correct, but this does not help us to clarify the the meetings of witches. Such practices do not appear in accounts the islander of the Brazilian South. Some authors (Ginzburg 1988; was later absorbed into the manifestations of a popular culture. Within figure, i.e., the devil himself. The nocturnal meetings of witches, as reported by men in particular, take on the shape of an anti-society of women. Apart from their meetings, which pose universe that is unknown to them, i.e., a universe that reproduces itself in daily life in places like mothers’ clubs and in the waiting rooms of first-aidstations. In contrast, witches assume the opposite attitude when they act in the home other concealed spaces. They penetrate a house in an illegitimate manner, e.g. people's own lives, their social relationships, the different roles played by each, finallythe setting of boundaries within this society. A theoretical approach

2013 ◽  
pp. 263-263
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Collective Unconscious ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Sexual Transgression ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Opposite Attitude

Learned Attention II

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Kevin Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Philosophical Question ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the relationship between sensory substitution devices and the training of attention. Sensory substitution devices, typically used by the blind, deliver information about the environment by converting the information normally received through one sense (e.g., vision) into information for another sense (e.g., audition or touch). When a user integrates a sensory substitution device into her life, the integration process involves perceptual learning. This chapter explores two questions. First, in what ways can sensory substitution illuminate how the training of attention works more generally? Second, how does knowledge of the way attention is trained in perceptual learning help us to better understand sensory substitution? The chapter draws on findings in these areas to answer a philosophical question: Should the post-perceptual learning experience be classified in the substituted modality (e.g., as vision), in the substituting modality (e.g., as auditory or tactile), or in a new sense modality?

Defining and Explaining Singing Difficulties in Adults

2015 ◽  
pp. 332-354
Author(s):  
Karen Wise
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Learning Disorder ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Pitch Accuracy ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
The Relationship

Although singing is a universal human activity, many adults in Western society exclude themselves from singing, often self-defining as “non singing” or “tone deaf.” This chapter focuses on singing difficulties in adults (excluding vocal injury or illness), in particular, difficulties with singing acceptably in tune, or poor pitch singing. It examines the ways in which poor pitch singing has been defined and assessed in psychological research, and considers the relationship between singing pitch accuracy and cognitive mechanisms of pitch perception and sensorimotor coordination. The chapter outlines the very different profiles of singing performance associated with self-defined “tone deafness” and congenital amusia (a musical perceptual learning disorder), and places these in the theoretical context of neuropsychological and developmental research, drawing on models of singing development in children. Finally, the potential for adult vocal and musical development is illustrated with a few extant studies, and outlined as topic for further research.

scholarly journals Does learning to read change the perception of speech? Evidence from perceptual recalibration of speech sounds in adult illiterates, semi-literates, and literates of Tamil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Mitterer ◽  
Mrudula Arunkumar ◽  
Jeroen van Paridon ◽  
Falk Huettig
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Different Levels

How do different levels of representation interact in the mind? Key evidence for answering this question comes from experimental work that investigates the influence of knowledge of written language on spoken language processing. Here we tested whether learning orthographic representations (through reading) influences pre-lexical phonological representations in spoken-word recognition using a perceptual learning paradigm. Perceptual learning is well suited to reveal differences in pre-lexical representations that might be caused by learning to read because it requires the functional use of pre-lexical representations in order to generalize a learning experience. In a large-scale behavioural study in Chennai, India, 97 native speakers of Tamil with varying reading experience (from completely illiterate to highly literate) participated. In marked contrast to their performance in other cognitive tasks, even completely illiterate participants showed a perceptual learning effect that was not moderated by reading experience. This finding suggests that pre-lexical phonological representations are not substantially changed by learning to read and thus poses important constraints for the debate about the degree of interactivity between different levels of representations during human information processing.

The devil and William Dabney. An epidemiological postscript

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (8) ◽  
pp. 645-648
Author(s):  
F. J. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
The Devil

The bottleneck may be the solution, not the problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnon Lotem ◽  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Joseph Y. Halpern ◽  
Luca Onnis ◽  
Shimon Edelman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Biological Trait ◽  
Memory Bottleneck

AbstractAs a highly consequential biological trait, a memory “bottleneck” cannot escape selection pressures. It must therefore co-evolve with other cognitive mechanisms rather than act as an independent constraint. Recent theory and an implemented model of language acquisition suggest that a limit on working memory may evolve to help learning. Furthermore, it need not hamper the use of language for communication.

Differential polarization imaging of sickled cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Marcos F. Maestre
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Polarization Imaging ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Chiral Structures

Recently we have developed a form of polarization microscopy that forms images using optical properties that have previously been limited to macroscopic samples. This has given us a new window into the distribution of structure on a microscopic scale. We have coined the name differential polarization microscopy to identify the images obtained that are due to certain polarization dependent effects. Differential polarization microscopy has its origins in various spectroscopic techniques that have been used to study longer range structures in solution as well as solids. The differential scattering of circularly polarized light has been shown to be dependent on the long range chiral order, both theoretically and experimentally. The same theoretical approach was used to show that images due to differential scattering of circularly polarized light will give images dependent on chiral structures. With large helices (greater than the wavelength of light) the pitch and radius of the helix could be measured directly from these images.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document