The relationship between cognitive function and clinical and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Withall ◽  
L. M. Harris ◽  
S. R. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

BackgroundAlthough cognitive variables have been shown to be useful in predicting outcomes in late-life depression, there has not yet been a comprehensive study in younger persons with depression.MethodThe clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of participants were evaluated at admission to one of two university teaching hospitals and again at 3 months after remission and discharge. A total of 52 participants with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder, aged between 20 and 60 years and with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ⩾17 entered the study. The sample for this paper comprises the 48 subjects (mean age 37.9 years, s.d.=10.7) who received admission and follow-up assessments; an attrition rate of 7.7%.ResultsMore perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted a worse clinical outcome at follow-up. Poor event-based prospective memory and more perseverative errors on the shortened Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at admission predicted worse social and occupational outcome at follow-up.ConclusionsThese results suggest that a brief cognitive screen at hospital admission, focusing on executive function, would have a useful prognostic value in depression. Determining early predictors of individuals at risk of poorer outcomes is important for identifying those who may need altered or additional treatment approaches.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder in remission

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ali ◽  
Magda Fahmy ◽  
Wafaa Haggag ◽  
Ashraf El-Tantawy ◽  
Haydy Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Cognitive symptoms are one of the core symptoms of depressive disorders with a bearing effect on functional outcomes. Cognitive symptoms, including poor concentration and difficulty making decisions, are one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. This study was designed to evaluate cognitive deficits in a sample of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in remission. A cross-sectional study was done on 60 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of MDD in remission state. In addition, 60 normal subjects with matched age, sex, and educational level were compared with the patients group. Participants in both patients and control groups were subjected to clinical assessment using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINI-plus), assessment of cognitive functions using Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) short form, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results There were statistically significant differences between patients and control groups regarding cognitive function. The patients group scored less in visual memory, verbal memory, attention/concentration, and psychomotor speed. They also performed poorly regarding executive functions. But there was no statistically significant difference between the patients and control groups regarding sustained attention and visuospatial function. No significant correlations did exist between age at onset of MDD and the duration of illness with different domains of cognitive function except for figural memory of WMS-R and categories completed of Wisconsin card sorting test. Conclusion Patients with MDD in remission experienced deficits in several cognitive functions when compared to matched control subjects. The cognitive functions do not reach normal levels of performance, particularly in visual memory and executive functioning with remission of depressive symptoms.

Dopaminergic Genes Polymorphisms and Prefrontal Cortex Efficiency Among Obese People - Whether Gender is a Differentiating Factor?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
Maciej Bieliński ◽  
Natalia Lesiewska ◽  
Roman Junik ◽  
Anna Kamińska ◽  
Andrzej Tretyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Background:Obesity is a chronic condition associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a useful tool for evaluating executive functions. In this study, we assessed the association between dopaminergic gene polymorphisms: DAT1 (SLC6A3), COMTVal158Met, DRD4 (48-bp variable number of tandem repeats - VNTR) and WCST parameters to investigate the functions of the frontal lobes in obese individuals.Objective:To find the significant correlations between polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met, DRD4 and executive functions in obese subjects.Methods:The analysis of the frequency of individual alleles was performed in 248 obese patients (179 women, 69 men). Evaluation of the prefrontal cortex function (operating memory and executive functions) was measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Separate analyzes were performed in age subgroups to determine different activities and regulation of genes in younger and older participants.Results:Scores of WCST parameters were different in the subgroups of women and men and in the age subgroups. Regarding the COMT gene, patients with A/A and G/A polymorphisms showed significantly better WCST results in WCST_P, WCST_CC and WCST_1st. Regarding DAT1 men with L/L and L/S made less non-perseverative errors, which was statistically significant. In DRD4, significantly better WCST_1st results were found only in older women with S allele.Conclusion:Obtained results indicate the involvement of dopaminergic transmission in the regulation of prefrontal cortex function. Data analysis indicates that prefrontal cortex function may ensue, from different elements such as genetic factors, metabolic aspects of obesity, and hormonal activity (estrogen).

scholarly journals Insight, Neurocognition, and Schizophrenia: Predictive Value of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stratton ◽  
Philip T. Yanos ◽  
Paul Lysaker
Keyword(s):  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Subsequent Change ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Over Time

Lack of insight in schizophrenia is a key feature of the illness and is associated with both positive and negative clinical outcomes. Previous research supports that neurocognitive dysfunction is related to lack of insight, but studies have not examined how neurocognition relates to change in insight over time. Therefore, the current study sought to understand how performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) differed between participants with varying degrees of change in insight over a 6-month period. Fifty-two patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were administered the WCST and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline, and the PANSS was again administered at a 6-month follow-up assessment. Results indicated that while neurocognition was related to insight at baseline, it was not related to subsequent change in insight. The implications of findings for conceptualization and assessment of insight are discussed.

Executive function performance as neurocognitive differentiating marker between schizophrenia and psychotic depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 433-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rady ◽  
A. Elsheshai ◽  
O. Elkholy ◽  
H. Abou el Wafa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychotic Depression ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Group I ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Background and aimSchizophrenia and psychotic depression are two psychiatric disorders sharing in common the presence of psychotic features, delusion, hallucinations or both and severe impairment in occupational functions. Added to that the diagnostic dilemma to differentiate between severe psychomotor retardation, which is not uncommon in psychotic depression, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Our work aims at utilizing Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WCST performance as a differentiating diagnostic tool helping in differentiating between both diagnosis.Subjects and methodsPatients are recruited randomly from the outpatient service of Alexandria University Hospitals, three groups are included;Group I patients with psychotic depression,Group II schizophrenic patients andGroup III control group.Patients recruited in both group I and II score 4 or higher on the Clinical Global Impression for Severity CGI-S scale, all participants were subjected to Brief Psychiatric Rating scale and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WCST 128 card computerized version.ResultsThe study showed severe impairment in executive functions in all parameters assessed by the WCST including number of administered trials, percentage of errors and perseverative errors as well as failure to maintain categories. Such cognitive dysfunction was significantly more severe in schizophrenia than both other groups. Both schizophrenic and psychotically depressed groups showed poorer performance compared to healthy control.ConclusionPerformance on WCST may be of great help as a differentiating diagnostic tool to distinguish between schizophrenia and psychotic depression.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Levels of Growth Factors in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder: A Longitudinal Study during the Treatment with Fluoxetine

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Becerril-Villanueva ◽  
Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Samantha Alvarez-Herrera ◽  
Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez ◽  
Rodrigo Arreola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Basic Fgf ◽  
Gm Csf

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a prevalence of 5% in adolescents. Several studies have described the association between the inflammatory response and MDD, but little is known about the relationship between MDD and growth factors, such as IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, VEGF, basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF. It must be appointed that there are scarce reports on growth factors in adolescents with MDD and even fewer with a clinical follow-up. In this work, we evaluated the levels of growth factors (IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, VEGF, basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF) in MDD adolescents and the clinical follow-up during eight weeks of treatment with fluoxetine. Methods. All patients were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV-TR, and the severity of the symptoms was evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Growth factors IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, VEGF, basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were quantified by cytometric bead array using serum samples from 22 adolescents with MDD and 18 healthy volunteers. Results. All patients showed clinical improvement since the fourth week of pharmacological treatment according to the HDRS. Considerably higher levels of IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, VEGF, basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were detected in MDD adolescents as compared to healthy volunteers. A significant but temporal decrease was detected in basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF at week four of fluoxetine administration. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show alterations in the levels of growth factors, such as IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, VEGF, basic FGF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF in MDD adolescents during eight weeks of clinical follow-up. These disturbances might be involved in the physiopathology of MDD since such growth factors have been proven to participate in the neural development and correct functioning of the CNS; therefore, subtle alterations in it may contribute to MDD.

Characteristics of Perseverative Errors by School-Age Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Sato ◽  
Toru Hosokawa ◽  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Norio Murai
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

The present study was designed to investigate characteristics by 38 school-age children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 of perseverative errors using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Children's performance was measured as number of categories completed and perseverative errors, which were classified into perseverative errors of types described by Milner in 1963 and Nelson in 1976. Analysis indicated that the number of completed categories increased and perseverative errors decreased across age groups. Perseverative errors (Milner) were very similar in these grades and perseverative errors (Nelson) were significantly different between children in Grades 2 and 4. The results suggested a pattern of development for shifting inhibiting set.

Perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and brain perfusion imaging in mild Alzheimer's disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1552-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seishi Terada ◽  
Shuhei Sato ◽  
Hajime Honda ◽  
Yuki Kishimoto ◽  
Naoya Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Brain Perfusion Imaging ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

ABSTRACTBackground: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has long been used to investigate deficits in executive function in humans. The majority of studies investigating deficient WCST performance focused on the number of categories achieved (CA) and the number of perseverative errors of the Nelson type (PEN). However, there is insufficient evidence that these two measures reflect the same neural deficits.Methods: Twenty AD patients with high PEN scores, and 20 age- and sex-matched AD patients with low PEN scores were selected. All 40 subjects underwent brain SPECT, and the SPECT images were analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results: No significant differences were found between high and low PEN score groups with respect to years of education, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, higher z scores for hypoperfusion in the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri were observed in the high PEN score group compared with the low PEN score group.Conclusions: Our results suggest that functional activity of the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri is closely related to PEN scores on a modified WCST (mWCST). The PEN score on a mWCST might be a promising index of dysfunction of the orbitofrontal area among patients with mild AD.

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