Subdistrict-Level Reproductive Number for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Northern Thailand

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important contagious transboundary disease that causes a significant economic loss for several countries. The FMD virus (FMDV) can spread very rapidly by direct and indirect transmission among susceptible animals. The complexity and magnitude of FMDV transmission at the initial stages of the epidemic can be expressed by the basic reproductive number (R0), and furthermore, control strategies can be assessed by the estimation of the effective reproductive number. In this study, we aimed to describe FMD outbreaks among smallholder cattle farms by subdistricts in the northern Thailand and compute the effective reproductive number for outbreaks caused by FMDV serotype O and overall serotypes, including serotype O, serotype A, and unidentified serotype, at the subdistrict level (Rsd) using an epidemic doubling time method. Field data of FMD outbreaks during 2015–2017 that affected 94 subdistricts in northern Thailand were assessed to estimate the Rsd. Results showed that 63.38% (90/142) of the FMD outbreak episodes in cattle were caused by FMDV serotype O. The average doubling time and the Rsd estimated of the outbreaks caused by FMDV serotype O and overall serotype were 2.80 and 4.67 months, and 1.06 and 1.04, respectively. Our results indicated that transmission of FMD in cattle at the subdistrict level in northern Thailand was not controlled (Rsd > 1), which indicates the endemicity of the disease in the region. Although control measures are in place, the results from this study highlighted the need for enhancing FMD monitoring and control strategies in northern Thailand.

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Development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccine and evaluation of its potency

Antiviral Research ◽

10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.019 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 288-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

B. Mohana Subramanian ◽

M. Madhanmohan ◽

Rajan Sriraman ◽

R.V. Chandrasekhar Reddy ◽

S. Yuvaraj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Virus Like Particles ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Implication of Broadly Neutralizing Bovine Monoclonal Antibodies in the Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01030-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Yimei Cao ◽

Kun Li ◽

Sheng Wang ◽

Yuanfang Fu ◽

Pu Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT Vaccination with inactivated vaccines is still the main measure to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in areas where the disease is endemic, and the level of neutralizing antibody in vaccinated animals is directly related to their protection against virus challenge. Currently, neutralizing antibody is mainly detected using the virus neutralization test (VNT) based on cell culture, which is laborious and time-consuming and requires restrictive biocontainment facilities. In this study, two broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), E46 and F128, were successfully produced using techniques for the isolation of single B cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from bovines sequentially immunized with three topotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O. Based on these bnAbs, a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting neutralizing antibodies (NA-ELISA) against FMDV serotype O was developed. The specificity and sensitivity of the test were estimated to be 99.21% and 100%, respectively. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between the NA-ELISA titers and the VNT titers for all sera from vaccinated animals and for all tested strains, suggesting that the NA-ELISA could detect neutralizing antibodies against FMDV serotype O strains of wide antigenic and molecular diversity and could be used for the evaluation of protective immunity.

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A heat-induced Mutation on VP1 of FMDV Serotype O Enhanced Capsid Stability and the Immunogenicity

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00177-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hu Dong ◽

Yuanlu Lu ◽

Yun Zhang ◽

Suyu Mu ◽

Nan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Wild Type ◽

Vp1 Protein ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Improved Stability ◽

Capsid Stability

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals that cause a significant economic burden globally. Vaccination is the most effective FMD control strategy. However, FMDV particles are prone to dissociate when appropriate physical or chemical conditions are unavailable, such as an incomplete cold chain. Such degraded vaccines result in compromised herd vaccination. Therefore, thermostable FMD particles are needed for use in vaccines. This study generated thermostable FMDV mutants (M3 and M10) by serial passages at high temperature, subsequent amplification, and purification. Both mutants contained an alanine to threonine mutation at position 13 in VP1 (A1013T), although M3 contained 3 additional mutations. The selected mutants showed improved stability and immunogenicity in neutralizing antibody titers, compared with the wild-type (wt) virus. The sequencing analysis and cryo-electron microscopy showed that the mutation of alanine to threonine at the 13th amino acid (aa) in VP1 protein (A1013T) is critical for the capsid stability of FMDV. Virus-like particles (VLPA1013T) containing A1013T also showed significantly improved stability to heat treatment. This study demonstrated that Thr at the 13th amino acid of VP1 could stabilize the capsid of FMDV. Our findings will facilitate the development of a stable vaccine against FMDV serotype O. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype O is one of the global epidemic serotypes, and cause significant economic loss. Vaccination plays a key role in the prevention and control of FMD. However, the success of vaccination mainly depends on the quality of the vaccine. Here, the thermostable FMDV mutants (M3 and M10) were selected through thermal-screening at high temperatures with improved stability and immunogenicity compared to the wild-type virus. The results of multi-sequence alignment and Cryo-EM analysis showed that the "Thr" substitution at the 13th amino acid in VP1 protein is critical for the capsid stability of FMDV. For thermolabile type O FMDV, this major discovery will aid the development of its thermostable vaccine.

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Molecular characterization of circulating Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O topotype EA-3 and serotype A (African topotype) genotype IV in Egypt, 2016

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 208 ◽

pp. 89-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Soltan ◽

Ali H. Negmaldin ◽

Mohamed M. El-Diasty ◽

Shimaa M.G. Mansour ◽

Maha A. Elbadry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serotype A ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Development of an indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay using multi-epitope recombinant protein to specifically detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in swine

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.02464-20 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. JCM.02464-20

Author(s):

Wei Liu ◽

Junjun Shao ◽

Guanglei Zhang ◽

Yanyan Chang ◽

Sudan Ge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Recombinant Vaccine ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Chemiluminescence Immunoassay ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Commercial Kits

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has led to serious losses in animal husbandry worldwide. Seromonitoring of FMDV post-vaccination is important for the control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in vaccinated regions and countries. However, many commercial kits present high false-positive rates. In this study, a multi-epitope-based indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay (ME-CLIA) was developed for specifically detecting antibodies against FMDV serotype O in swine sera. The developed method presented high diagnostic sensitivity, excellent diagnostic specificity, and could detect a broad spectrum of antibodies against FMDV serotype O. The diagnostic performance, accuracy rate, and analytical sensitivity of ME-CLIA were compared with those of three commercial kits. The immune protection value of multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine detected using ME-CLIA was preliminarily determined by observation of clinical symptoms post-immunization challenge, the results of which indicated that the ME-CLIA can be employed as a matching detection method for evaluating multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine. The percent positive values of ME-CLIA determined using swine vaccinated with inactivated vaccine were significantly positively correlated with the titers of liquid-phase blocking ELISA (r = 0.8361, p < 0.0001). These results indicated that ME-CLIA is suitable for detection of antibodies against FMDV serotype O in swine and for potency evaluation of multiple-epitope and inactivated vaccines.

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A realistic model for the periodic dynamics of the hand-foot-and-mouth disease

AIMS Mathematics ◽

10.3934/math.2022145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 2585-2601

Author(s):

I. A. Moneim ◽

◽

G. A. Mosa

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Basic Reproductive Number ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Good Prediction ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Simulation Results

<abstract><p>In this paper, an SEIQRS model with a periodic vaccination strategy is studied for the dynamics of the Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD). This model incorporates a seasonal variation in the disease transmission rate $ \beta (t) $. Our model has a unique disease free periodic solution (DFPS). The basic reproductive number $ R_{0} $ and its lower and upper bounds, $ R_{0}^{inf} $ and $ R_{0}^{sup} $ respectively, are defined. We show that the DFPS is globally asymptotically stable when $ R_{0}^{sup} < 1 $ and unstable if $ R_{0}^{inf} > 1 $. Computer simulations of our model have been conducted using a novel periodic function of the contact rate. This novel function imitates the seasonality in the observed, multi-peaks pattern, data. Clear and good matching between real data and the obtained simulation results are shown. The obtained simulation results give a good prediction and possible control of the disease dynamics.</p></abstract>

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A dynamic model for the outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Taiwan

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268815002630 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 144 (7) ◽

pp. 1500-1511 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C.-C. LAI ◽

D.-S. JIANG ◽

H.-M. WU ◽

H.-H. CHEN

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Control Policy ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Basic Reproductive Number ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Infection Control Policy ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Large Outbreak

SUMMARYThe first large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with severe complications primarily caused by enterovirus 71 was reported in Taiwan in 1998. Surveillance of HFMD to evaluate the spread of HFMD with and without infection control policy is needed. We developed a new dynamic epidemic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model to fit the surveillance data on containing valuable information on the severity of HFMD in order to accurately estimate the basic reproductive number (R0) of HFMD. After fitting the empirical data, in conjunction with other relevant parameters extracted from the literature, the estimated transmission coefficients were close to 5 × 10−7 (per day) and the proportion of severe HFMD cases ranged between 0 and 0·0036 (per day). Taking into account the distribution of all parameters considered in our dynamic epidemic model, the R0 computed was 1·37 (95% confidence interval 0·24–5·84), suggesting a higher likelihood of the spread of HFMD if no infection control policy is provided. The isolation strategy against the spread of HFMD not only delayed the epidemic peak with the delayed time ranging from 4 weeks for only 20% isolation to 47 weeks for 100% isolation but also reduced total number of HFMD cases with the percentage of reduction ranging from 1·3% for only 20% isolation to 13·3% for 100% isolation. The proposed model can also be flexible for evaluating the effectiveness of two other possible policies for containing HFMD, quarantine and vaccination (if the vaccine can be developed).

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Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Thailand: A Comprehensive Modelling of Epidemic Dynamics

10.21203/rs.3.rs-77402/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Suraj Verma ◽

Mohammad Abdur Razzaque ◽

U Sangtongdee ◽

C Arpnikanondt ◽

Boonrat Tassaneetrithep ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Learning Algorithm ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Basic Reproductive Number ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Seasonal Effect ◽

Epidemic Dynamics ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Asian Pacific

Abstract Background Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease and has become an epidemic in many Asian-Pacific countries, including Thailand. With such epidemic characteristics and potential economic impact, HFMD is a significant public health issue. Comprehensive modelling of HFMD’s epidemic dynamics can be useful in understanding and predicting any potential outbreak of it, and manage its impact efficiently and effectively. Generally, the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases vary across geolocations due to different socio-economic situations, demography, and people’s lifestyles. However, there is no nation-wide and comprehensive (i.e., the inclusion of reinfections in the model) modelling of HFDM dynamics in Thailand. We aim to develop a nation-wide comprehensive modelling of HFMD’s epidemic dynamics and understand the reinfection cases in Thailand.Methods We have formulated Susceptible - Exposed - Infectious - Recovered - Susceptible (SEIRS) epidemiological model with dynamic vitals, including reinfections, to investigate the transmission of this disease in Thailand. We also introduced periodic seasonality to model the seasonal effect. According to the model, the spread of this disease is uneven throughout the provinces in Thailand. So, we have grouped the provinces into three clusters (i.e., highly, moderately and least affected provinces) using K-means unsupervised machine learning algorithm for better estimation of the parameters and fitting the model. We collected data from three local hospitals in Thailand to analyze the reinfection cases.Results The result from the analysis of HFMD recorded cases from three hospital (years 2012 to 2016) shows that 11% (approximately) are reinfections. By fitting the model with HFMD confirmed cases (years 2011 to 2019) and considering the reinfections, the basic reproductive number (R0) was estimated to be 2.643, 1.91 and 3.246 for three clustered provinces.Conclusion In a conclusion, it is found that HFMD is re-infectious disease in Thailand. It is also found that the spread of HFMD is not uniform across the provinces in Thailand. The basic reproductive number R 0 was estimated to be greater than 1 for all the three clusters. This indicates that under the same social and environmental condition, this disease will persist in coming years.

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Detection of an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018

Open Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/ovj.v10i3.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Md Zulfekar Ali ◽

Md Giasuddin

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Control Program ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coding Region ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotype ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals in Bangladesh and multiple outbreaks occur every year because of the FMD virus (FMDV).Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the molecular characterization of the VP1 coding region of FMDV serotype O outbreak in cattle.Methods: A total of four tongue epithelial specimens were collected from clinically FMD-positive cattle during June 2018 in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh.Results: All four isolates were recorded positive for FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two isolates were clustered within an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 under lineage Ind2001 of FMDV serotype O, which was identified during 2012–2016 in Bangladesh. One isolate was clustered within the lineage PanAsia of FMDV serotype O and was closely related to an isolate identified in Nepal in 2009. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all the four isolates belong to the Middle East–South Asia topotype.Conclusion: Therefore, multiple lineages of the FMDV serotype O are circulating among the cattle in the outbreak area, which make it more complex for the FMD control program in Bangladesh. A comprehensive study on the genetic characteristics of FMDV across the country is required for effective FMD prevention and control strategy. Keywords: Cattle, Foot-and-mouth disease, Ind2001BD1, Lineage, PanAsia.

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