scholarly journals The Social Cost of Informal Electronic Waste Processing in Southern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Anthony Boardman ◽  
Jeff Geng ◽  
Bruno Lam
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perform Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Large amounts of e-waste are processed “informally” in lower income countries. Such processing releases dangerous pollutants, which increase mortality and reduce cognitive functioning. This paper estimates the social cost of informal e-waste processing in Southern China. This parameter may be “plugged-in” to cost-benefit analyses that evaluate the economic efficiency of policies to reduce informal e-waste processing in China or other lower income countries. It may also be used in the estimation of the social benefits (or costs) of new or proposed e-waste processing policies in higher income countries. We estimate that the social cost of informal e-waste processing in Guiyu is about $529 million. This amount is equivalent to about $423 per tonne (in 2018 US dollars) or $3528 per person, which is over half the gross income per capita of the residents of Guiyu. We also perform sensitivity analysis that varies the estimated mortality outcomes, the value of a statistical life and the amount of e-waste processed.

scholarly journals SOCIAL AND PRIVATE PROFITABILITY OF TREE-BASED ADAPTATION OPTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A DRYLAND AREA OF TUNISIA

New Medit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Hamed Daly-Hassen ◽  
Mohamed Annabi ◽  
Caroline King-Okumu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Olive Trees

Climate change exacerbates the effects of water scarcity on livelihoods. Governments can intervene by structuring incentives for agricultural adaptations so that farmers can choose the ones that create more benefits for the society as a whole. This requires consideration of a range of different benefits to different groups within the social cost-benefit analysis (CBA). We assess the social and private profitability of two alternative tree-based adaptation techniques that have received state support in the traditional barley cropping/rangeland systems in Central Tunisia: olive tree plantation, and intercropping with cactus. The results showed that society does not benefit from offering incentives for olive production. The production of irrigated olive trees without incentives is profitable for farmers and for society, while rainfed plantation is not profitable at all. However, it is possible for farmers to increase their incomes without increasing agricultural water use if they are encouraged to adopt intercropping with cactus to supplement livestock food and watering. The findings highlight scope for policies to balance between returns both for society, and for farmers, as revealed through the application of quantitative social CBA.

scholarly journals The Social Cost of Sub-Soil Resource Use

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Huppertz ◽  
Bo Weidema ◽  
Simon Standaert ◽  
Bernard De Caevel ◽  
Elisabeth van Overbeke
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Hotelling Rule ◽  
The Social

This paper presents a market-price-based method to value sub-soil resources in environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment. The market price incorporates the privileged information of the market agents, explicitly or implicitly anticipating future applications of the resource, future backstop technologies, recycling potentials, the evolution of reserves and extraction costs. The market price is therefore considered as the best available integrated information reflecting the actual values of these parameters. Our method is based on the Hotelling rule and the fact that private agents discount future costs and benefits at a higher rate than society as a whole. In practice, the price of the last resource unit sold is calculated with the Hotelling rule using a market discount rate. Then, the price at depletion is retropolated with a social discount rate smaller than the market discount rate. The resulting corrected “socially optimal” price is higher than the market price. The method allows to calculate the social cost of resource exhaustion, which is applicable in Cost-Benefit Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment. The method is applied to mineral and fossil resources and the results are compared with other recent methods that seek to place a monetary value on resource depletion.

scholarly journals Road Supply in Central London: Addition of an Ignored Social Cost

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid M. Rouhani ◽  
Christopher R. Knittel ◽  
Debbie Niemeier
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Land Rents ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Congestion Charging

Studies examining the social cost of driving usually ignore the opportunity cost of having roads in place: the associated land rents. Especially for geographic regions where land is valuable, including the rent costs may even lead governments to close some roads. By using the London congestion charging zone case, a more general long-run social cost curve is calculated with the addition of the rents. Based on the optimal road usage concept, this study found that including the rents in the cost/benefit analysis significantly affects the results and can increase the social cost by up to 200% and decrease the optimal road usage by 40%.

Estimating the Social Cost of Using Agricultural Land in the Punjab

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-314
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Cost

Pakistan, like any developing country, must regularly divert some of the scarce agricultural land to an alternative use—to another crop, to a site for a reservoir or a plant for processing agriculture's output, or to industrial, com¬mercial or housing purposes. This paper is an exercise in estimating he social cost of releasing agricultural land in the Punjab for use in another activity. It will, hopefully, serve as a model for planners and policy-makers who are con¬fronted with specific projects requiring cost-benefit analysis. For example, Pakistan's Fifth Five-Year Plan calls for construction of numerous sugar mills, sites for which will require an estimated 100 acres of agricultural land per mill. The-cost of using this land for sugar refining may be expressed in terms of the net value of the agricultural output foregone. Similarly, if cane cultivation > is extended to provide input for the refineries, its cost must be evaluated by the value of the crops which are foregone.

World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 954-955
Author(s):  
Michael Timberlake
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
The West ◽  
World Cities ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Lower Income Countries

World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality, Josef Gugler, ed., Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xv, 396.This book seeks to redress what its editor regards as an imbalance in the social science discourse on globalization and cities by providing a collection of research on cities in the global South, in the lower income countries of the world. In his introduction to the book, much of which could stand on its own as a valuable contribution, Gugler demonstrates that many cities “beyond the core” are involved in articulations that span broad regions of the world, if not always the whole world. Gugler also warns of the tendency to over-generalize across these “second tier” cities, insisting that scholarship needs to attend to the unique history, context and culture (especially political culture) of each city.

scholarly journals The social cost of due care in business judgment

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353
Author(s):  
Woo-Jung Jon
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Social

This article considers whether it is justifiable to reduce damages where directors are liable for business failure. It argues that holding directors liable for all damage due to business failure prevents individual directors from doing business enterprisingly. According to a cost-benefit analysis, the fear of potential liability results in excessive costs when business decisions are made. The total costs that individual directors expend in making business decisions is smaller than the total costs of the company as the company’s costs includes not only directors’ costs but also other employees’ costs. In comparison, the total amount of loss that individual directors may suffer due to a business failure is far larger than the total loss of the company, where the directors are liable for the total loss of the company jointly and severally. It is because the directors would also suffer salary reduction or discharge. Under these circumstances, the directors should pay close attention in order not to err in their business judgment. Thus, even where risks are minimal, directors may act too cautiously and passively, rather than pursue a more profitable entrepreneurship aggressively. Therefore, the simple compensatory principle may not be adequate where business failure occurs

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