Risk Factor Assessment, Sero-Prevalence, and Genotyping of the Virus That Causes Foot-and-Mouth Disease on Commercial Farms in Ethiopia from October 2018 to February 2020

A cross-sectional serological, active outbreak search and a questionnaire-based survey were carried out to investigate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) sero-epidemiology in Ethiopia. The circulating serotype of the FMD virus (FMDV) was identified, and the knowledge regarding FMD and husbandry practices was assessed. Using the questionnaire survey, a total of 237 individuals were interviewed, and the majority responded that there is no practice of reporting disease outbreak, free in and out movement of livestock, or share pastures, and they use traditional case management as a means of controlling the disease. A total of 1938 cattle, 490 domestic small ruminants, and 426 swine were sampled randomly for serological analysis using the 3ABC non-structural protein (NSP) enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. An overall prevalence of 25% in cattle, 5% in domestic small ruminants, and 2% in swine was recorded. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cattle from the Oromia, Tigray, and Amhara regions had the highest probability of being sero-positive as compared with Addis Ababa odds ratio(OR)(OR: 4 (95% confidence interval (CI)(CI [3–6], 3 (95% CI [2,5]), and 2 (95% CI 2 [1,3]), respectively). Older cattle (older than three years) and domestic small ruminants (>18 months) had a higher chance of being seropositive (OR: 2, 95% CI [1.6,3]) and (OR: 6, 95% CI [2,18]), respectively). Female and older swine older than three years of age had a higher chance of being sero-positive (p < 0.05). Local breed cattle had the lowest chance (OR: 0.2. 95% CI [0.1–0.3]) of being sero-positive. A region, age, and breed proved to have a statistically significant association with sero-positivity (p < 0.05) in cattle. Swine from Bishoftu were less likely to test positive than swine from Addis Ababa (OR: 0.04, 95% CI [0.01–0.3]). From 96 herds, 72 pooled outbreak samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, serotyping (antigen enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)), sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analysis. Six serotype A (G-IV) FMD viruses and three serotype O east African (EA-3 and EA-4) FMDVs were identified. Thus, this study established the lack of disease outbreak reporting, poor husbandry problems, and the prevalence of FMD in three domestic species (cattle, small ruminant, and swine). In addition, continuous circulation of serotype A and O in the study area was confirmed.

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Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2020/6821809 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Beyan Ahmed ◽

Lencho Megersa ◽

Getachew Mulatu ◽

Mohammed Siraj ◽

Gelma Boneya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Endemic Diseases ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals and one of the endemic diseases in Ethiopia. The study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and to assess associated risk factors of foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in West Shewa Zone. A total of 384 sera samples were collected from randomly selected cattle and tested using ELISA for antibodies against nonstructural proteins of foot and mouth disease viruses based on IDEXX FMD Multispecies Ab Test (IDEXX Laboratories Inc, USA). The seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in West Shewa Zone was found to be 40.4% (95% CI: 35.46–45.27) at an animal and 74.7% (95% CI: 65.58–83.85) at the herd level. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that districts, breed, and animal composition were the potential risk factors of FMD seropositivity. Accordingly, cattle found in Abuna Ginde Beret (odds ratio (OR): 9.1, 95% CI: 2.4–34.1, p=0.001), Cheliya (OR: 8.8, 95% CI: 2.5–31.3, p=0.001), Bako Tibe (OR: 7.6, 95% CI: 2.1–28.3, p=0.002), Tokekutaye (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 1.7–19.5, p=0.004), and Jeldu (OR: 5.3, 95% CI: 1.3–21.5, p=0.020) districts were more at risk to be infected with FMD than cattle from Ambo. The odds of FMD seropositivity was significantly higher in cattle kept with small ruminants (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.3, p=0.003) than cattle alone. The analysis also revealed that the odds of seropositivity were 6 times higher in crossbred compared with local cattle (p=0.003). The current study found high seroprevalence of FMD in West Shewa Zone. Therefore, cattle should be vaccinated regularly after the identification of specific FMD serotypes circulating in the study area.

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Clinical and Molecular Investigations of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Navi Mumbai, India

Indian Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s13312-019-1693-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 1052-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dhanya Dharmapalan ◽

Vinay K. Saxena ◽

Shailesh D. Pawar ◽

Tarique H. I. H. Qureshi ◽

Priyanka Surve

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Identification of a conserved linear neutralizing epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 9A9 against serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-016-2984-7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 161 (10) ◽

pp. 2705-2716 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Weifeng Liang ◽

Guohui Zhou ◽

Wenming Liu ◽

Baolin Yang ◽

Chaosi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Neutralizing Epitope ◽

Serotype A ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Managing a National Crisis: The 1924 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in California

California History ◽

10.2307/25161893 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 23-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kendrick A. Clements

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

National Crisis ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Cross-protective efficacy of engineering serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine against the two pandemic strains in swine

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.055 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (43) ◽

pp. 5772-5778 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Haixue Zheng ◽

Kaiqi Lian ◽

Fan Yang ◽

Ye Jin ◽

Zixiang Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serotype A ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Pandemic Strains

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In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization in the Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) using Oocytes and Spermatozoa Recovered Post-mortem from Animals that had Died because of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak

Reproduction in Domestic Animals ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01751.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 832-839 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

YU Mahesh ◽

BS Rao ◽

K Suman ◽

U Lakshmikantan ◽

KV Charan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Maturation ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Investigations into Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak among Small Ruminants in Karnataka State of India

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-5228 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raveendra Hegde ◽

B.P. Shivashankar ◽

N. Gautham ◽

G.R. Praveenkumar ◽

B. Rajasekar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Perivascular Spaces ◽

Grazing Land ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Goat Population ◽

Karnataka State ◽

Foot And Mouth

Background: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) remains a serious threat to the Indian livestock sector due to significant economic loss associated with it. Systematic vaccination of large ruminants over the years has lead to a gradual reduction in the number of disease outbreaks in India. However exposure to FMDV infection in small ruminants has been recorded during the past few years (Rout et al. 2013). Sheep and goat population have not been vaccinated so far against FMD under the FMD-Control program (FMD-CP). The present study highlighted the outbreak of FMD in small ruminants in Karnataka, India.Methods: During the period 2018-19, seven suspected FMD outbreaks among sheep population in Bellary and Tumakuru districts of Karnataka state were investigated. Tongue epithelium (oral swabs) and foot lesions (n=23) from clinically affected sheep and tissues such as heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys from lambs during post mortem (n=67) were collected. All the samples were processed in the laboratory for the detection of FMD virus antigen by employing Serotype differentiating antigen detection ELISA and by multiplex PCR. Heart tissue samples were also collected in buffered formalin for histopathology study and processed by routine paraffin embedding technique and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Serum samples from the recovered animals were collected and screened by NSP-ELISA and LPB-ELISA to check the antibody status in the affected herd. Result: A total of seven suspected outbreaks of FMD involving 688 small ruminants was investigated. The outbreak of FMD due to FMDV serotype O was confirmed by ELISA and multiplex PCR assays. Clinically, the affected adult sheep showed typical signs of FMD, while mortality in young lambs was observed without apparent signs of disease. Histologically, heart tissues from FMD affected lambs showed myocardial necrosis with marked aggregations of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the myocardium and perivascular spaces. History of FMD outbreaks in cattle and common grazing land for the livestock, as well as sheep within the reach of these villages, may be the major contributing factors for the outbreaks in sheep populations.

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