scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Beyan Ahmed ◽  
Lencho Megersa ◽  
Getachew Mulatu ◽  
Mohammed Siraj ◽  
Gelma Boneya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals and one of the endemic diseases in Ethiopia. The study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and to assess associated risk factors of foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in West Shewa Zone. A total of 384 sera samples were collected from randomly selected cattle and tested using ELISA for antibodies against nonstructural proteins of foot and mouth disease viruses based on IDEXX FMD Multispecies Ab Test (IDEXX Laboratories Inc, USA). The seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in West Shewa Zone was found to be 40.4% (95% CI: 35.46–45.27) at an animal and 74.7% (95% CI: 65.58–83.85) at the herd level. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that districts, breed, and animal composition were the potential risk factors of FMD seropositivity. Accordingly, cattle found in Abuna Ginde Beret (odds ratio (OR): 9.1, 95% CI: 2.4–34.1, p=0.001), Cheliya (OR: 8.8, 95% CI: 2.5–31.3, p=0.001), Bako Tibe (OR: 7.6, 95% CI: 2.1–28.3, p=0.002), Tokekutaye (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 1.7–19.5, p=0.004), and Jeldu (OR: 5.3, 95% CI: 1.3–21.5, p=0.020) districts were more at risk to be infected with FMD than cattle from Ambo. The odds of FMD seropositivity was significantly higher in cattle kept with small ruminants (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.3, p=0.003) than cattle alone. The analysis also revealed that the odds of seropositivity were 6 times higher in crossbred compared with local cattle (p=0.003). The current study found high seroprevalence of FMD in West Shewa Zone. Therefore, cattle should be vaccinated regularly after the identification of specific FMD serotypes circulating in the study area.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice C. Chepkwony ◽  
George C. Gitao ◽  
Gerald M. Muchemi ◽  
Abraham K. Sangula ◽  
Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of Non-Structural-Proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Studies Version 20. To identify the risk factors, chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 23.3% (95% CI: 22.3-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9-80.9%). Sero-positivity was significantly higher in the pastoral zone (31.5%) than in the sedentary zone at 14.5% (χ2 =303.2, p<0.05). In the most parsimonious backward fitting logistic multivariable regression, the only risk factors that were significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR were multipurpose (OR=1.150; p=0.034) and dairy production types (OR=2.029; p=0.003). Those that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR=0.856; p=0.026), young age (OR=0.601; p=0.037), sedentary production zone (OR=0.471; p<0.001), bringing in of SR (OR=0.838; p=0.004), purchase of SR from market/middlemen (OR=0.877; p=0.049), no interaction with wildlife (OR=0.657; p<0.001), mixed production type (OR=0.701; p=0.016), enclosure of SR day and night (OR=0.515; p=0.001), migratory grazing system (OR=0.807; p=0.047), on-farm watering system (OR=0.724; p=0.002), male-from-another-farm (OR=0.723; p=0.030) and artificial insemination (OR=0.357; p=0.008) breeding methods.This study showed that there is widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. The risk factors were mainly husbandry related. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in carrier SR which pose potential risk of virus transmission to other susceptible species is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission and more risk factors need to be researched.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0234286
Author(s):  
Eunice C. Chepkwony ◽  
George C. Gitao ◽  
Gerald M. Muchemi ◽  
Abraham K. Sangula ◽  
Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.

scholarly journals Risk Factor Assessment, Sero-Prevalence, and Genotyping of the Virus That Causes Foot-and-Mouth Disease on Commercial Farms in Ethiopia from October 2018 to February 2020

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam ◽  
Annebel De Vleeschauwer ◽  
Nato Hundessa ◽  
Ayelech Muluneh ◽  
Daniel Gizaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Immunosorbant Assay ◽  
Serotype A ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay

A cross-sectional serological, active outbreak search and a questionnaire-based survey were carried out to investigate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) sero-epidemiology in Ethiopia. The circulating serotype of the FMD virus (FMDV) was identified, and the knowledge regarding FMD and husbandry practices was assessed. Using the questionnaire survey, a total of 237 individuals were interviewed, and the majority responded that there is no practice of reporting disease outbreak, free in and out movement of livestock, or share pastures, and they use traditional case management as a means of controlling the disease. A total of 1938 cattle, 490 domestic small ruminants, and 426 swine were sampled randomly for serological analysis using the 3ABC non-structural protein (NSP) enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. An overall prevalence of 25% in cattle, 5% in domestic small ruminants, and 2% in swine was recorded. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cattle from the Oromia, Tigray, and Amhara regions had the highest probability of being sero-positive as compared with Addis Ababa odds ratio(OR)(OR: 4 (95% confidence interval (CI)(CI [3–6], 3 (95% CI [2,5]), and 2 (95% CI 2 [1,3]), respectively). Older cattle (older than three years) and domestic small ruminants (>18 months) had a higher chance of being seropositive (OR: 2, 95% CI [1.6,3]) and (OR: 6, 95% CI [2,18]), respectively). Female and older swine older than three years of age had a higher chance of being sero-positive (p < 0.05). Local breed cattle had the lowest chance (OR: 0.2. 95% CI [0.1–0.3]) of being sero-positive. A region, age, and breed proved to have a statistically significant association with sero-positivity (p < 0.05) in cattle. Swine from Bishoftu were less likely to test positive than swine from Addis Ababa (OR: 0.04, 95% CI [0.01–0.3]). From 96 herds, 72 pooled outbreak samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, serotyping (antigen enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)), sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analysis. Six serotype A (G-IV) FMD viruses and three serotype O east African (EA-3 and EA-4) FMDVs were identified. Thus, this study established the lack of disease outbreak reporting, poor husbandry problems, and the prevalence of FMD in three domestic species (cattle, small ruminant, and swine). In addition, continuous circulation of serotype A and O in the study area was confirmed.

Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel

2016 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Elnekave ◽  
Kees van Maanen ◽  
Hila Shilo ◽  
Boris Gelman ◽  
Nick Storm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in sedentary livestock herds in selected villages in four regions of Bhutan

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Dukpa ◽  
ID Robertson ◽  
JR Edwards ◽  
TM Ellis ◽  
P Tshering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Haoran ◽  
Xiao Jianhua ◽  
Ouyang Maolin ◽  
Gao Hongyan ◽  
Bie Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. As a transboundary animal disease, the prevention and control of FMD are important. This study was based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess FMD risk areas in mainland China. Ten risk factors were identified for constructing risk maps by scoring, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the criteria weights of all factors. Different risk factors had different units and attributes, and fuzzy membership was used to standardize the risk factors. The weighted linear combination (WLC) and one-at-a-time (OAT) were used to obtain risk and uncertainty maps as well as to perform sensitivity analysis. Results Four major risk areas were identified in mainland China, including western (Xinjiang and Tibet), southern (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong), northern (Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia), and eastern (Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong). We found spring as the main season for FMD outbreaks. Risk areas were associated with the distance to previous outbreak points, grazing areas and cattle density. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk map had good predictive power (AUC = 0.8532). Conclusions These results can be used to delineate FMD risk areas in mainland China, and provinces can adopt the targeted preventive measures and control strategies.

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