scholarly journals Chilling and Heat Requirements of Temperate Stone Fruit Trees (Prunus sp.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Fadón ◽  
Sara Herrera ◽  
Brenda Guerrero ◽  
M. Guerra ◽  
Javier Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
New Cultivars

Stone fruit trees of genus Prunus, like other temperate woody species, need to accumulate a cultivar-specific amount of chilling during endodormancy, and of heat during ecodormancy to flower properly in spring. Knowing the requirements of a cultivar can be critical in determining if it can be adapted to a particular area. Growers can use this information to anticipate the future performance of their orchards and the adaptation of new cultivars to their region. In this work, the available information on chilling- and heat-requirements of almond, apricot, plum, peach, and sweet cherry cultivars is reviewed. We pay special attention to the method used for the determination of breaking dormancy, the method used to quantify chilling and heat temperatures, and the place where experiments were conducted. The results reveal different gaps in the information available, both in the lack of information of cultivars with unknown requirements and in the methodologies used. The main emerging challenges are the standardization of the conditions of each methodology and the search for biological markers for dormancy. These will help to deal with the growing number of new cultivars and the reduction of winter cold in many areas due to global warming.

Bacterial canker of stone-fruit trees in California

Hilgardia ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Bacterial Canker

Leucostoma cinctum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Abstract A description is provided for Leucostoma cinctum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leucostoma cinctum, especially in its conidial state, is a well-known pathogen of stone-fruit trees causing necrosis of twigs, perennial Cytospora-canker. The fungus penetrates mainly through the scars, and may result in dieback of branches or even whole trees. Tree susceptibility to L. cinctum is influenced by lesions (Stanova, 1990). Comparative anatomy and host response of peach cultivars inoculated with L. cinctum was studied by Biggs (1986). Resistance of different cultivars of stone-fruit trees to L cinctum has been investigated by many authors (Cociu et al., 1991; Miles et al., 1989; Pedryc & Rozsnyai, 1991). HOSTS: On dead or dying, attached or fallen twigs of the Rosaceae, mainly Prunoideae (Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus, Persica, Prunus) and rarely other subfamilies of the Rosaceae, including genera such as Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus and Pyrus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA (Idaho, Michigan, New-Jersey, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Orange or reddish droplets or tendrils of conidia extruded from conidiomata can be often seen after rain. It is also known that arthropods can carry propagules in stone-fruit orchards (Helton et al., 1988).

scholarly journals Cell Bioprinting: The 3D-Bioplotter™ Case

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelats Lobo ◽  
Ginestra
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Available Information ◽  
User Friendly

The classic cell culture involves the use of support in two dimensions, such as a well plate or a Petri dish, that allows the culture of different types of cells. However, this technique does not mimic the natural microenvironment where the cells are exposed to. To solve that, three-dimensional bioprinting techniques were implemented, which involves the use of biopolymers and/or synthetic materials and cells. Because of a lack of information between data sources, the objective of this review paper is, to sum up, all the available information on the topic of bioprinting and to help researchers with the problematics with 3D bioprinters, such as the 3D-Bioplotter™. The 3D-Bioplotter™ has been used in the pre-clinical field since 2000 and could allow the printing of more than one material at the same time, and therefore to increase the complexity of the 3D structure manufactured. It is also very precise with maximum flexibility and a user-friendly and stable software that allows the optimization of the bioprinting process on the technological point of view. Different applications have resulted from the research on this field, mainly focused on regenerative medicine, but the lack of information and/or the possible misunderstandings between papers makes the reproducibility of the tests difficult. Nowadays, the 3D Bioprinting is evolving into another technology called 4D Bioprinting, which promises to be the next step in the bioprinting field and might promote great applications in the future.

scholarly journals First Report of Apricot vein clearing-associated virus (AVCaV) infecting Prunus domestica revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing in Morocco

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Tahzima ◽  
Radouane Qessaoui ◽  
Yoika Foucart ◽  
Sebastian Massart ◽  
Kris De Jonghe
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Replicase Gene ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Vein Clearing ◽  
The Impact

Plum (Prunus domestica L., Rosaceae) trees, like many stone fruit trees, are known to be infected by numerous plant viruses, predominantly as consequence of their clonal mode of propagation and perennial cultivation (Jelkmann and Eastwell, 2011). Apricot vein clearing-associated virus (AVCaV) is a member of the genus Prunevirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. AVCaV was first reported in Italy infecting apricot (P. armeniaca L.) associated with foliar vein clearing symptoms (Elbeaino et al. 2014). It has also been detected in various Prunus species, like plum, Japanese plum (P. salicina L.), sour cherry (P. cerasus L.), and Japanese apricot (P. mume L.), apricot and peach (P. persica L.) sourced from Asian and European countries (Marais et al. 2015), as well as in the ornamental Myrobolan plum (P. cerasifera L.) in Australia (Kinoti et al. 2017). In 2018, during the vegetative season, a survey was carried out in two different apricot and plum orchards in the southern region of Agdez (Agadir, Morocco) where stone fruit trees are grown. Five branches with leaves were sampled from three apricot and three plum trees of unknown cultivars, all asymptomatic. Total RNA was extracted from 100 mg plant tissue (leaves and cambial scrapping) using RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and separate samples (one per species) were used for library preparation (NEBNext Ultra RNA library kit; New England BioLabs, MA, USA), and sequencing (Illumina NextSeq v2, totRNA sequencing) at Admera Health (New Jersey, USA). All generated reads (6,756,881) from the plum sample were quality filtered and submitted to the VirusDetect pipeline (Zheng et al., 2017). The plum cDNA library, a total of 20 viral contigs (68-1928 bp) mapped to several AVCaV accessions in GenBank. A reference mapping (CLC Genomics Workbench 12, Qiagen, Denmark) was conducted against all four available AVCaV full genomes (KM507062-63, KY132099 and HG008921), revealing 100% coverage of the full sequence (8358 nt) with 97-98 % nucleotide (nt) identities (BLASTn). Analysis of the derived sequences allowed to identify the location of the four predicted ORFs i.e. (ORF1: 6066 nt/2,021 aa), (ORF2: 1383 nt/460 aa), (ORF3: 666 nt/221 aa) and (ORF4: 420 nt/139 aa), previously described for the AVCaV genome (Elbeaino et al. 2014). The amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins of AVCaV isolate from Morocco also shared 97-98% identities with the corresponding sequences of complete genome AVCaV isolates in GenBank. To confirm the detection of AVCaV in the three plum samples, specific RT-PCR primers (VC37657s: 5’-CCATAGCCACCCTTTTTCAA-3’ / VC28239a: 5’-GTCGTCAAGGGTCCAGTGAT-3’) (Elbeaino et al. 2014) were used and the expected 330 bp fragment from the replicase gene was amplified in all three samples and subsequently sequenced (MT980794-96). Sanger sequences were 100% identical to corresponding HTS derived sequence. This is the first report of AVCaV infecting plum in Africa. The incidence of AVCaV in Moroccan Prunus species is unknown. Plum trees from the surveyed orchards were also confirmed to be co-infected with little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1) using HTS. Further investigation is required to determine the impact of AVCaV on these asymptomatic plum trees and other stone fruits species.

scholarly journals Dieback of apricot plantations caused by 'Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum' in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county (Northern-Hungary)

2010 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Gábor Tarcali ◽  
Emese Kiss ◽  
György J. Kövics ◽  
Sándor Süle ◽  
László Irinyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Fruit Plantations

Plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas have increasing importance in all over the world for fruit growers. Lately, phytoplasma diseases occur on many fruit varieties and responsible for serious losses both in quality and quantity of fruit production. In the long-run these diseases cause destruction of fruit trees. The apricot phytoplasma disease (Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum) was first reported in Europe in 1924 from France. In 1992 the disease has also been identified in Hungary. On the base of growers' signals serious damages of "Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum" Seemüller and Schneider, 2004 (formerly: European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma) could be observed in different stone fruit plantations in the famous apricot-growing area nearby Gönc town, Northern-Hungary. Field examinations have been begun in 2009 in several stone fruit plantations in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County mainly in Gönc region which is one of the most important apricot growing regions in Hungary, named “Gönc Apricot Growing Area”. Our goals were to diagnose the occurrence of Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum on stone fruits (especially on apricot) in the North-Hungarian growing areas by visual diagnostics and confirm data by laboratory PCR-based examinations. All the 28 collected samples were tested in laboratory trials and at 13 samples from apricot, peach, sour cherry and wild plum were confirmed the presence of phytoplasma (ESFY). On the base of observations it seems evident that the notable losses caused by "Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum" is a new plant health problem to manage for fruit growers, especially apricot producers in Hungary. 

scholarly journals Alien and native woody plants in scattered vegetation in agricultural landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Ján Supuka ◽  
Attila Tóth ◽  
Mária Bihuňová ◽  
Martina Verešová ◽  
Karol Šinka
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Acer Campestre

AbstractThe woody plant species composition has been evaluated in three cadastral territories of southwestern Slovakia, together in 77 habitats of non-forest woody vegetation (NFWV). A total of 43 tree species have been identified; 8 of them were alien and 5 species were cultural fruit trees. In total 20 shrub species were identified, out of which 3 were alien. Three woody species are classified as invasive according to the law in Slovakia: Acer negundo L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Lycium barbarum L. They occurred only in 2, maximum in 4 of the evaluated habitats. The most occurring alien tree species Robinia pseudoacacia L. was generally identified in 58 habitats and in 48 habitats, with an incidence over 40% and dominance index of 70.6. The second most occurring alien tree Populus × canadensis had a dominance index of 8.3. The dominant native trees in NFWV were Acer campestre L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus robur L., Salix fragilis L. with the dominance index of 1–5 only.

scholarly journals Eutypa, Eutypella, and Cryptovalsa Species (Diatrypaceae) Associated with Prunus Species in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1402-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Providence Moyo ◽  
Ulrike Damm ◽  
Lizel Mostert ◽  
Francois Halleen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Prunus Spp

Stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) are economically important fruit trees cultivated in South Africa. These trees are often grown in close proximity to vineyards and are to a large extent affected by the same trunk disease pathogens as grapevines. The aim of the present study was to determine whether stone fruit trees are inhabited by Diatrypaceae species known from grapevines and whether these trees could act as alternative hosts for these fungal species. Isolations were carried out from symptomatic wood of Prunus species (almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum) in stone fruit growing areas in South Africa. Identification of isolates was based on phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and β-tubulin gene. Forty-six Diatrypaceae isolates were obtained from a total of 380 wood samples, from which five species were identified. All five species have also been associated with dieback of grapevine. The highest number of isolates was found on apricot followed by plum. No Diatrypaceae species were isolated from peach and nectarine. Eutypa lata was the dominant species isolated (26 isolates), followed by Cryptovalsa ampelina (7), Eutypa cremea (5), Eutypella citricola (5), and Eutypella microtheca (3). First reports from Prunus spp. are E. cremea, E. citricola, and E. microtheca. Pathogenicity tests conducted on apricot and plum revealed that all these species are pathogenic to these hosts, causing red-brown necrotic lesions like those typical of Eutypa dieback on apricot.

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