scholarly journals Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Hydrogen Cyanamide in Promoting Flower Bud Break in Blueberry

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiuying Xia ◽  
Lijia An
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Bud Breaking

Bud dormancy of deciduous fruit trees is a complex process that allows trees to survive long periods in adverse conditions during winter. Dormancy is a major obstacle for both fruit production in mild winter areas and off-season culture of fruit trees in protection facilities. It is very economically advantageous to be able to control the time point of bud break and consequently harvest in crops with high returns and short harvest seasons like blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2 (HC)) treatment is an effective method to promote dormancy release and synchronize bud break in perennial deciduous fruit trees, including blueberry. However, there are few systematic studies of the metabolic changes that occur during HC-induced bud breaking. In this study, the metabolome of blueberry buds under forced conditions following HC and water treatment (control) was analyzed using gas chromatography paired with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS) technology. A total of 252 metabolites were identified and 16 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were detected. The levels of several soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, maltose), organic acids (citric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric, succinic acid), and amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine) were upregulated, while tyrosine, tryptophan, and asparagine were significantly downregulated in HC-treated buds when compared with control buds. The synthesis and accumulation of phenylpropanoids (salicin, 4-vinylphenol, neohesperidin) were also promoted by HC. These results suggest that alteration of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle increase, and phenylpropanoid accumulation were crucial in HC-promoted bud breaking in blueberry. This research extends our understanding of the mechanisms involved in dormancy release induced by HC and provides a theoretical basis for applying HC to accelerate bud break.

EFFECTIVE HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE (DORMEX®) APPLICATION FOR BUD BREAK, FLOWERING AND NUT YIELD OF PISTACHIO TREES CV. MATEUR IN WARM GROWING AREAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMED GHRAB ◽  
MEHDI BEN MIMOUN
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Tunisia ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Effective Hydrogen ◽  
Pistachio Trees

SUMMARYClimate change characterized by global warming is expected to have an incidence on fruit trees’ development and production. The severity of these effects depends on lack of chilling. The current study focused on the research of an optimal dose of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex®) treatment which can advance the bud break of female pistachio trees (Pistacia veraL.) to ensure better blooming synchronization with pollinators. A field experiment was conducted in northern Tunisia (36°49′N, 9°48′E) on mature pistachio trees. Two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 2% and 4% Dormex® were applied with reference to the control untreated trees. The flowering time, vegetative growth, starch content, productivity and nut characters were followed. Results show that 4% Dormex® advanced the normal bud break by 15 days and flowering by 11 days and improved natural pollination by synchronization of male and female flowers. Consequently, fresh yield and nut quality as split and blank rates and nut weight were improved. However, shoot growth, leaf area and starch content in current shoot seemed unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide applications. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used as 4% Dormex® and sprayed 45 days before bud break to improve pistachio productivity and prevent anomalies of lack of chilling due to global warming that could be more frequent in the Mediterranean areas.

scholarly journals USE OF CRYOPROTECTANTS FOR FROST PROTECTION IN PEACHES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 486c-486
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
William C. Newall ◽  
Charles J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Late spring freezes often result in significant flower bud kill in deciduous fruit trees. Some products have been marketed as frost protectant compounds which purportedly protect flower stigmas and ovaries from freezing injury and death. Two of these compounds, Frost Free and Frostgard, were tested at two locations in South Carolina over three years. Varieties `Junegold', `Loring', `Redhaven', and `Jefferson' were treated with Frost Free (FF) in years 1988-1990 and with Frostgard (FG) in 1990. Significant differences in fruit yield and vegetative growth occurred during this period, but no consistent trends were evident. In 1989, FF-treated `Redhaven' and `Jefferson' trees averaged 10.5 and 21.8 kg more fruit/tree than the controls. However, no lethal cold temperatures occurred during the bloom period. In 1990, FG-treated `Redhaven' trees averaged 8.0 kg more fruit/tree than the control trees. The fruit from FF-treated trees were lower in Brix, had less red color, and vegetative shoot growth was slightly greater than that of the FG and check trees. These data suggest that Frost Free may have plant growth regulator properties.

Evaluation of garlic extract on bud dormancy release of 'Royal Gala' apple trees

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Botelho ◽  
M. M. L. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Bud Sprouting ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Bud Dormancy Release ◽  
In The Beginning

This study aimed to examine the effects of garlic extract (Bioalho) on bud break of ‘Royal Gala’ apple trees compared with the effects of the conventionally used hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2). In the southern region of Brazil, immediately after winter pruning on 19 September 2005, the following treatments were sprayed at dormant bud stage using a hand sprayer: (1) control (untreated); (2) 1% garlic extract (GE); (3) 5% GE; (4) 10% GE; (5) 2% mineral oil (MO); (6) 1% GE + 2% MO; (7) 5% GE + 2% MO; (8) 10% GE + 2% MO; (9) 0.4% H2CN2 + 4% MO. GE at 1 or 5% + 2% MO showed similar effects compared with H2CN2 alone, achieving ~80% bud sprouting, whereas 2% MO and the untreated control attained 53 and 18% bud sprouting, respectively. The 10% GE + 2% MO treatment was superior to the others treatments, reaching 95% bud sprouting at 50 days after treatments. The application of 10% GE + 2% MO was also the most effective in advancing bloom. Unfortunately, in this experiment, this also contributed to reduced fruit yield, since the early anthesis coincided with an atypical rainfall in the beginning of spring.

scholarly journals Characterization of Apple Hybrids (Malus × domestica Bork.)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 804E-805
Author(s):  
Aroldo Isudro Rumayor Flores* ◽  
Jose Antonio Vázquez Ramos ◽  
Martínez Cano Andres ◽  
Borrego Escalante Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Fruit Breeding ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Bloom Period ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Bud Breaking ◽  
Year 2000

In hybrids of apple (Malus × domestica Bork.) subjected to study phenological in Aguanueva, Coahuila, Mexico, their requirements of chill hours (CH), heat units (HU), bud breaking flower and vegetative % (BB) for good adaptation to warm milder climate, bloom period (BP), and vegetative period (VP), were determined using the Methodology of Identification of New Cultivars of Fruit Breeding (Ploudiv 1983). They were material with requirements of cold from 200 up to 650 (CH) when they underwent a test of controlled conditions of (CH). These materials are; AR-109 (200 CH), AR-106 (300 CH), AR-108 (300 CH), AR-147 (300 CH), AR-144 (550 CH), and AR-a60 (650 CH), while the control Mutant Aguanueva II (500 CH). Under winter conditions of the year 2000 with so slone 168.76 (CH), some materials showed a bud break superior to the control. The bud break dates understand between 30 days before the witness Aguanueva II, as the hybrid AR-147 and 34 days later in the case of the hybrid AR-151, location this way to the materials as: Early with regard to the control; AR-16-S (24 days), AR-130 (14 days) and AR-147 (30 days). Similar to the control; AR-144, AR-103 and AR-127. Later than the control; AR-111 and AR-103-B. since they don't require spray bud breaking res compounds for their bud break and they have bloom period (BP) of 8 to 21 days. And when presenting low chill requirements they will be set fruit in a microclimate frost-free and growing and have their cultivation in a mild winter climate.

scholarly journals Timing and Concentration of Hydrogen Cyanamide Affect Blueberry Bud Development and Flower Mortality

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 922-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust ◽  
D.S. NeSmith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Southern Highbush

The effects of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) sprays on vegetative and reproductive bud growth and development were evaluated for `Climax' rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and `Misty' southern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L. hybrid). `Climax' plants were sprayed with 0% or 1% H2CN2 (v/v) at each of several time intervals or flower bud growth stages following either 270 or 600 hours of artificial chilling. `Misty' plants were sprayed with 0%, 1%, or 2% H2CN2 (v/v) immediately after exposure to 0, 150, or 300 hours of artificial chilling. H2CN2 application to `Climax' plants at 3 days after forcing (DAF) and at 10% to 30% stage 3 flower bud development dramatically accelerated leafing, and only minimal flower bud damage was observed at these application times. For `Misty', vegetative budbreak was increased and advanced by both H2CN2 spray concentrations, regardless of pretreatment chilling levels; the number of vegetative budbreaks per plant increased with increased concentration. Timing of anthesis did not appear to be affected by H2CN2, but fruit maturity was hastened. Increased pretreatment chilling also hastened fruit development. This effect on maturity appears to be due primarily to increased and accelerated vegetative budbreak, which probably increased leaf: fruit ratios. Greater flower bud mortality from H2CN2 occurred in nonchilled plants than in those chilled for 150 or 300 hours, especially at 2% H2CN2. These results indicate that H2CN2 has potential value in stimulating vegetative bud development, which potentially hastens maturity in blueberries grown under the mild winter conditions of the Southeast. However, spray concentration and timing of application will be critical to successful use of this compound.

scholarly journals The Potential Impact of Ice-Minus Bacteria as a Frost Protectant in New York Tree Fruit Production

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Love ◽  
William Lesser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Genetically Engineered Bacteria ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Engineered Bacteria

Ice-nucleating bacteria, which are known to occur naturally on many crops and have been associated with frost damage, may be subject to control with genetically engineered bacteria, dubbed “ice-minus” bacteria. Ice-minus technology is designed to depress the critical temperature at which frost damage begins by displacing the natural population of ice-nucleating organisms. A trial product has been tested in the field with strawberries. Although tests with bacteriacidal compounds have suggested other mechanisms for controlling the critical temperature in deciduous fruit crops, ice-minus may prove to be effective. This analysis examines the possibility of ice-minus being adopted by New York tree-fruit growers and the likelihood of it causing a major economic impact on the state's fruit industry. Based on the climatology, phenology of fruit trees, and the record of actual frost damage in New York, the need for ice-minus is apparently not great enough to conclude that its adoption would cause a significant impact on New York fruit production.

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