Antimicrobial Effects of Essential Oils on Oral Microbiota Biofilms: The Toothbrush In Vitro Model

The present investigation intended to evaluate the bacteriostatic and bactericidal abilities of clove, oregano and thyme essential oils against oral bacteria in planktonic and biofilm states. Furthermore, aiming to mimic everyday conditions, a toothbrush in vitro model was developed. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were achieved using the microdilution procedure. To simulate the toothbrush environment, nylon fibers were inoculated with oral bacteria, which, after incubation to allow biofilm development, were submitted to contact with the essential oils under study. Thyme and oregano essential oils revealed promising antimicrobial effects, both in growth inhibition and the destruction of cells in planktonic and biofilm states, while clove essential oil showed a weaker potential. Regarding the toothbrush in vitro model, observation of the nylon fibers under a magnifying glass proved the essential oil anti-biofilm properties. Considering the effects observed using the in vitro toothbrush model, a realistic approximation to oral biofilm establishment in an everyday use object, a putative application of essential oils as toothbrush sanitizers to help prevent the establishment of bacterial biofilm can be verified.

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Bacterial Biofilms in Infective Endocarditis – A complex in vitro - Model to Investigate Emerging Technologies of Antimicrobial Cardiovascular Device Coatings

10.5194/biofilms9-115 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Kursawe ◽

Alexander Lauten ◽

Marc Martinović ◽

Klaus Affeld ◽

Ulrich Kertzscher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infective Endocarditis ◽

Heart Valves ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

Aortic Valves ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Biofilm Development

Objective: Most biofilm flow-chambers are designed for standardized homogeneous biofilms for research purposes. These do not mimic the complexity of prosthetic heart valves, which consist of both artificial and biological material. Infective endocarditis (IE) is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality. IE is characterized by bacterial biofilms of the endocardium leading to destruction of the valve. Current research demonstrates that about one quarter of the patients with formal surgery indication cannot undergo surgery. This group of patients needs further options of therapy, but due to a lack of models for IE, prospects of research are low. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to establish an in vitro - model of infective endocarditis to allow growth of bacterial biofilms on porcine aortic valves, serving as baseline for further research. Methods and Results: A pulsatile two-chamber circulation model was constructed that kept native porcine aortic valves under sterile, physiologic hemodynamic and temperature conditions. To exclude external contamination, sterility tests with sterile culture media were performed for 24h. During this time period, no growth of microorganisms was observed in the system and cultures after plating on standard media remained negative. The system was inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis PIA 8400 to create biofilms on porcine aortic valves. Porcine aortic roots were incubated in this system for increasing periods of time and bacterial titration to evaluate bacterial growth and biofilm development on the valves. After incubation, specimens were embedded and tissue sections were analyzed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for direct visualization of the biofilms and bacterial activity. Pilot tests for biofilm growth showed monospecies colonization consisting of cocci with time- and inocula-dependent increase. FISH visualized biofilms with ribosome-containing, and thus metabolic active cocci, tissue infiltration and similar colonization pattern as observed by FISH in human IE heart valves infected by S. epidermidis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the establishment of a novel complex in vitro - model for bacterial biofilm growth on porcine aortic roots. The model will allow identifying predilection sites of heart valves for bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth and it may serve as baseline for further research on IE therapy and prevention, e.g. the development of antimicrobial transcatheter approaches to IE.

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Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Bulgarian Rosa alba L. essential oil – in vitro model study

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment ◽

10.1080/13102818.2017.1423245 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 513-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gabrielle Jovtchev ◽

Alexander Stankov ◽

Almira Georgieva ◽

Anna Dobreva ◽

Rumiana Bakalova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Genotoxic Potential ◽

Model Study ◽

Vitro Model

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In VitroAntimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil ofThymus schimperi,Matricaria chamomilla,Eucalyptus globulus, andRosmarinus officinalis

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2016/9545693 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Awol Mekonnen ◽

Berhanu Yitayew ◽

Alemnesh Tesema ◽

Solomon Taddese

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Preparation ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

In this study, thein vitroantimicrobial activities of four plant essential oils (T. schimperi,E. globulus,R. officinalis, andM. Chamomilla) were evaluated against bacteria and fungi. The studies were carried out using agar diffusion method for screening the most effective essential oils and agar dilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils. Results of this study revealed that essential oils ofT. schimperi,E. globulus, andR. officinaliswere active against bacteria and some fungi. The antimicrobial effect ofM. chamomillawas found to be weaker and did not show any antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration values ofT. schimperiwere<15.75 mg/mL for most of the bacteria and fungi used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the other essential oils were in the range of 15.75–36.33 mg/mL against tested bacteria. This study highlighted the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil ofE. globulus,M. chamomilla,T. Schimperi, andR. officinalis. The results indicated thatT. schimperihave shown strong antimicrobial activity which could be potential candidates for preparation of antimicrobial drug preparation.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of 34 plant essential oils against Alternaria alternata

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201913606006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 136 ◽

pp. 06006

Author(s):

Qiyu Lu ◽

Ji Liu ◽

Caihong Tu ◽

Juan Li ◽

Chunlong Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Mustard Essential Oil

To determine the antibacterial effect of 34 plant essential oils on Alternaria alternata, 34 plant essential oils such as asarum essential oil, garlic essential oil, and mustard essential oil are used as inhibition agents to isolate A. alternata from citrus as indicator bacteria, through the bacteriostasis test and drug susceptibility test, the types of essential oils with the best inhibitory effect were screened and their concentration was determined. The results showed that the best inhibition effect was mustard essential oil with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 μl/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 250 μl/L. Followed by the Litsea cubeba essential oil and basil oil, the minimum inhibitory concentration is 500 μl/L.

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Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.40.10.2258 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 2258-2261 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S Schwank ◽

J Blaser

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Half Life ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Bacterial Killing ◽

Once Daily ◽

Vitro Model

Several in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials have demonstrated that once-daily aminoglycoside regimens are as effective as or more effective than multiple daily dosings. However, the most favorable aminoglycoside dosing regimen for treating enterococcal endocarditis remains controversial. The same total dose of netilmicin was administered as once-daily (24-micrograms/ml peaks) and thrice-daily (8 micrograms/ml) regimens in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model simulating exposure of Enterococcus faecalis to human serum kinetics. Netilmicin was administered in combination with continuous infusions of amoxicillin, vancomycin, or penicillin against a bacterial biofilm adhering to glass beads. No significant differences in bacterial killing were found after 24 or 48 h between the once- and thrice-daily regimens. Additional experiments considering animal kinetics (half-life of netilmicin, 20 min) instead of human kinetics (half-life, 2.5 h) in the pharmacodynamic model also revealed similar results. The addition of netilmicin synergistically increased the activity of vancomycin (P < 0.05). In contrast, amoxicillin alone was as effective as the combination with netilmicin. Thus, it could not be established in this model that once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides is contraindicated for treating infections caused by E. faecalis.

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Corrigendum: Stojkovic D, Glamoclija J, Ciric A, Nikolic M, Ristic M, Siljegovic J, Sokovic M. Investigation on antibacterial synergism of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris essential oils. Arch biol sci. 2013;65(2):639-43. DOI: 10.2298/ABS1302639S

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs150713085e ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 1441-1441

Author(s):

E Editorial

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Antibacterial Effects ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Font Color

The authors of the above-referenced article have requested a corrigendum to it. The article should include the following reference: Sokovic, M., Glamoclija, J., Marin, D.P., Brkic, D., and L. J. L. D. van Griensven (2010) Antibacterial Effects of the Essential Oils of Commonly Consumed Medicinal Herbs Using an In Vitro Model. Molecules. 15(11), 7532-7546. Link to the corrected article <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1302639S">10.2298/ABS1302639S</a>

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TheIn VitroAntimicrobial Activity ofLavandula angustifoliaEssential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/852049 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Stephanie de Rapper ◽

Guy Kamatou ◽

Alvaro Viljoen ◽

Sandy van Vuuren

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ionization Detector ◽

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽

Oil Blends ◽

Flame Ionization

The antimicrobial activity ofLavandula angustifoliaessential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. The composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using GC-MS with a flame ionization detector. The microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was calculated for the oil combinations. When lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other oils, synergistic (26.7%), additive (48.9%), non-interactive (23.7%), and antagonistic (0.7%) interactions were observed. When investigating different ratios of the two oils in combination, the most favourable interactions were whenL. angustifoliawas combined withCinnamomum zeylanicumor withCitrus sinensis,againstC. albicansandS. aureus,respectively. In 1 : 1 ratios, 75.6% of the essential oils investigated showed either synergistic or additive results, lendingin vitrocredibility to the use of essential oil blends in aroma-therapeutic practices. Within the field of aromatherapy, essential oils are commonly employed in mixtures for the treatment of infectious diseases; however, very little evidence exists to support the use in combination. This study lends some credence to the concomitant use of essential oils blended with lavender.

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ANTIHALITOSIS EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM FRUITS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v81.13655 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Yanti Yanti ◽

Berti Priska Gea ◽

Bibiana Widiyati Lay

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Acid Production ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Sulphur Compounds ◽

Volatile Sulphur Compounds ◽

Ph Stat ◽

Produce Acid

Halitosis is associated with the excessive production of acid and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), as well as accumulation of biofilm plaque by oral bacteria in mouth cavity. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, locally known as andaliman or lemon pepper, is an Indonesian endemic spice with high content of essential oils, including carveol that has been reported for its potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. We determined whether extract of Z. acanthopodium essential oil (ZAEO) exerted anti-halitosis effect on reducing biofilm plaque, acid production, and VSCs by using Actinomyces viscosus model in vitro. ZAEO was extracted in n-hexane followed by evaporation. ZAEO at various doses (20-100 µg/ml) was tested and quantified for its antibiofilm, acid production, and total VSCs production toward A. viscosus oral bacteria in vitro by conducting biofilm assays for preventing and eradicating effects, pH-stat analysis, and VSCs assay. At lowest dose (20 µg/ml), ZAEO inhibited and removed >50% of A. viscosus biofilms. A. viscosus was able to produce acid rapidly in 20 minutes, resulting in the pH terminal of 5.57, and ZAEO treatment at 40 µg/ml exerted significant inhibition on acid production with the terminal pH of 5.93, respectively. ZAEO at lowest dose also reduced >50% of total VCSs produced by A. viscosus. Our results suggest that ZAEO extract could be applied as a natural ingredient for halitosis treatment.

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Antibacterial Effects of the Essential Oils of Commonly Consumed Medicinal Herbs Using an In Vitro Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules15117532 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 7532-7546 ◽

Cited By ~ 268

Author(s):

Marina Soković ◽

Jasmina Glamočlija ◽

Petar D. Marin ◽

Dejan Brkić ◽

Leo J. L. D. van Griensven

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Antibacterial Effects ◽

Vitro Model

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Formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and its inhibitory efficacy on the growth of Streptococcus mutans – in vitro

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol32no1.25486 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Sri Mulyanti ◽

Dewi Sodja Laela ◽

Euis Julaeha ◽

Anne Agustina Suwargiani ◽

Dudi Aripin

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Citrus Aurantifolia

Introduction: Essentials oil of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel has high activity in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The objective of this research was to determine the formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) with the highest inhibitory and on the growth of S. mutans. Methods: This research was an experimental in-vitro study. The sample used was the lime (C. aurantifolia) peel waste peel using hydrodistillation technique; testing of the essential oil quality was performed using 100°C distilled water for 3 hours; organoleptic test and physical mouth rinse formula test was also conducted. Mouth rinse formulations were made from the essential oils in the concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20%. Mouth rinse activity was tested with optical density. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined with microdilution. Results: Essential oil mouth rinse formulation showed antibacterial activity at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20% (formulations I-IV); the recommended mouth rinse concentration was 4% (formulation III) due to its highest antibacterial. Formulation IV showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration value of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and the safe minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.4 mg/mL (1.04). Conclusion: Mouth rinse formulation from essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) peel begins to show inhibition of the growth of S. mutans bacteria at the concentration of 2% essential oils (formulation II), with inhibition against the growth of S. mutans is 7.08. The formula shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and 10.4 mg/mL (1.04), respectively.

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