Color Enhancement Strategies for 3D Printing of X-ray Computed Tomography Bone Data for Advanced Anatomy Teaching Models

Three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models are valuable visual aids that are widely used in clinical and academic settings to teach complex anatomy. Procedures for converting human biomedical image datasets, like X-ray computed tomography (CT), to prinTable 3D files were explored, allowing easy reproduction of highly accurate models; however, these largely remain monochrome. While multi-color 3D printing is available in two accessible modalities (binder-jetting and poly-jet/multi-jet systems), studies embracing the viability of these technologies in the production of anatomical teaching models are relatively sparse, especially for sub-structures within a segmentation of homogeneous tissue density. Here, we outline a strategy to manually highlight anatomical subregions of a given structure and multi-color 3D print the resultant models in a cost-effective manner. Readily available high-resolution 3D reconstructed models are accessible to the public in online libraries. From these databases, four representative files (of a femur, lumbar vertebra, scapula, and innominate bone) were selected and digitally color enhanced with one of two strategies (painting or splitting) guided by Feneis and Dauber’s Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy. Resulting models were created via 3D printing with binder-jet and/or poly-jet machines with important features, such as muscle origin and insertion points, highlighted using multiple colors. The resulting multi-color, physical models are promising teaching tools that will enhance the anatomical learning experience.

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First attempt to apply 2.5-μm super-resolution microfocus X-ray computed tomography to the human skeletal structure-visualization of the human fetal lumbar vertebra and auditory apparatus and 3D reconstruction

Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ◽

10.1109/iembs.1996.646533 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

T. Shibata ◽

T. Nagano

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Reconstruction ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Super Resolution ◽

Skeletal Structure ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed

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A Design and Fabrication Method for Wood-Inspired Composites by Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography and 3D Printing

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10041400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1400

Author(s):

Yubo Tao ◽

Zelong Li ◽

Peng Li

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Printing ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Quality Factors ◽

Elementary Model ◽

Wood Structures ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

3D Volume

Developments in 3D printing and CT scanning technologies have facilitated the imitation of natural wood structures. However, creating composites from the elementary features of anisotropic wood structures remains a new frontier. This paper aims to investigate the potential of constructing and 3D printing mechanically customizable composites by combining anisotropic elementary models reconstructed from the micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-CT) scanning of wood. In this study, an arbitrary region of interest selected from the μ-CT scanning of a sample of Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) was reconstructed into isosurfaces that constituted the 3D model of an elementary model. Elementary models were combined to form the wood-inspired composites in various arrangements. The surface and interior structures of the elementary model were found to be customizable through adjusting the image Threshold and Surface Quality Factors during 3D volume reconstruction. Compressional simulations and experiments performed on the elementary model (digital and 3D printed) revealed that its compressive behavior was wood-like and anisotropic. Numerical analysis established a preliminary link between the arrangements of elementary models and the compressive stiffness of respective composites, showing that it is possible to control the compressive behaviors of the composites through the design of specific elementary model arrangements.

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Predicting carcass composition of terminal sire sheep using X-ray computed tomography

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc200647 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 289-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. M. Macfarlane ◽

R. M. Lewis ◽

G. C. Emmans ◽

M. J. Young ◽

G. Simm

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Live Weight ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

The Body ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Terminal Sire

AbstractThe best means to utilize X-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound to predict carcass lean, fat and bone weights in vivo in terminal sire sheep were tested. Data on 160 lambs from three breeds were considered: 50 Suffolk males, 50 Suffolk females, 40 Texel males and 20 Charollais males. One-fifth of the lambs within each breed and sex group were slaughtered at each of 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age and the remaining two-fifths at 26 weeks. Carcasses were dissected into lean, fat and bone weights. Prior to slaughter all lambs were CT scanned, with cross-sectional scans taken at seven sites along the body (ischium, hip, mid shaft of femur, 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae and 6th and 8th thoracic vertebrae), and ultrasound scanned at the 3rd lumbar vertebra and 13th rib.A set of three CT scans that reliably predicted carcass lean, fat and bone weights was identified which included a scan in each of the three main carcass regions: ischium in the hind leg, 5th lumbar vertebra in the loin and 8th thoracic vertebra in the shoulder. Breed and sex affected the intercepts of the prediction equations but not their slopes. Therefore, a minimal set of equations is likely to be sufficient to predict tissue weights, at least within terminal sire sheep breeds. Equations derived showed high degrees of fit to the data with R2values of 0·924, 0·978 and 0·830 for lean, fat and bone weights, respectively, when predicted using CT alone, and 0·589 and 0·857 for lean and fat weights, respectively, when predicted using ultrasound alone. Using live weight in addition to CT information only improved prediction accuracy slightly for lean (0·966) and fat (0·986) although more substantially for bone (0·925). Where live and tissue weights are considered contemporaneously in genetic evaluations, excluding live weight from prediction may therefore be preferable to avoid colinearity among weight measures.

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Prediction of total body tissue weights in Scottish Blackface ewes using computed tomography scanning

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800053443 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

N.R. Lambe ◽

M.J. Young ◽

K.A. McLean ◽

J. Conington ◽

G. Simm

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Thoracic Vertebra ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Computed Tomography Scanning ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Total Body ◽

Tomography Scanning

AbstractThirty cull Scottish Blackface ewes were scanned three times over a period of 1 week using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Cross-sectional CT reference scans were taken at seven anatomical sites per ewe: ischium (ISC), femur (FEM), hip (HIP), 5th lumbar vertebra (LV5), 2nd lumbar vertebra (LV2), 8th thoracic vertebra (TV8) and 6th thoracic vertebra (TV6). Ewes were then slaughtered and dissection measurements collected.Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that five reference scans allow accurate prediction of total weights of bone, muscle and fat (carcass and internal). The most informative cross-sectional scans were ISC, HIP, LV5, LV2 and TV8, from which prediction equations were derived. Fat and muscle weights were predicted accurately (R2= 80 to 99%) but bone weight was predicted less accurately (R2= 56%). Repeatabilities were high for the CT measurements used to predict fat and muscle (0•82 to 0•99) but lower for those used to predict bone (0•19 to 0• 86).

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4D Mapping of the Fracture Evolution in a Printed Gypsum-Like Core by Using X-Ray CT Scanning

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/8820828 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Huabo Liu ◽

Fanjing Meng ◽

Shaozhen Hua

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Fractal Dimension ◽

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

X Ray ◽

Box Counting ◽

Volumetric Images ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Ct System

The paper presents the use of micro-X-ray computed tomography (CT) system and associated automatic loading device in visualizing and analyzing the propagation of penny-shaped flaw in gypsum-like 3D printing specimen. During the loading process, a micro-X-ray computed tomography (CT) system was used to scan the specimen with a resolution of 30 × 30 μm2. The volumetric images of specimen were reconstructed based on two-dimensional images. Thus, the propagation of penny-shaped flaw in gypsum-like 3D printing specimen in spatial was observed. The device can record the evolution of the internal penny-shaped flaw by X-ray CT scanning and the evolution of the surface crack by digital radiography at the same time. Fractal analysis was employed to quantify the cracking process. Two- and three-dimensional box-counting methods were applied to analyze slice images and volumetric images, respectively. Comparison between fractal dimensions calculated from two- and three-dimensional box-counting method was carried out. The results show that the fractal dimension increases with the propagation of cracks. Moreover, the common approach to obtain the 3D fractal dimension of a self-similar fractal object by adding one to its corresponding 2D fractal dimension is found to be inappropriate.

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