scholarly journals Predicting carcass composition of terminal sire sheep using X-ray computed tomography

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Macfarlane ◽  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
M. J. Young ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Terminal Sire

AbstractThe best means to utilize X-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound to predict carcass lean, fat and bone weights in vivo in terminal sire sheep were tested. Data on 160 lambs from three breeds were considered: 50 Suffolk males, 50 Suffolk females, 40 Texel males and 20 Charollais males. One-fifth of the lambs within each breed and sex group were slaughtered at each of 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age and the remaining two-fifths at 26 weeks. Carcasses were dissected into lean, fat and bone weights. Prior to slaughter all lambs were CT scanned, with cross-sectional scans taken at seven sites along the body (ischium, hip, mid shaft of femur, 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae and 6th and 8th thoracic vertebrae), and ultrasound scanned at the 3rd lumbar vertebra and 13th rib.A set of three CT scans that reliably predicted carcass lean, fat and bone weights was identified which included a scan in each of the three main carcass regions: ischium in the hind leg, 5th lumbar vertebra in the loin and 8th thoracic vertebra in the shoulder. Breed and sex affected the intercepts of the prediction equations but not their slopes. Therefore, a minimal set of equations is likely to be sufficient to predict tissue weights, at least within terminal sire sheep breeds. Equations derived showed high degrees of fit to the data with R2values of 0·924, 0·978 and 0·830 for lean, fat and bone weights, respectively, when predicted using CT alone, and 0·589 and 0·857 for lean and fat weights, respectively, when predicted using ultrasound alone. Using live weight in addition to CT information only improved prediction accuracy slightly for lean (0·966) and fat (0·986) although more substantially for bone (0·925). Where live and tissue weights are considered contemporaneously in genetic evaluations, excluding live weight from prediction may therefore be preferable to avoid colinearity among weight measures.

Two methods of using X-ray Computed Tomography to predict carcass composition in sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
J. M. Macfarlane ◽  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
J.M. Young ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Breed Selection ◽  
The Individual

X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to accurately assess carcass composition in sheep (Sehested, 1984; Young et al., 2001) both in research and commercially, as part of a breed selection programme. Two different CT scanning methods have been used: a) the reference scan method where tissue weights are predicted from tissue areas in a small set of cross-sectional scans at ‘anatomical landmarks’, and b) the Cavalieri method where a larger number of scans are taken along the body. It is of interest to examine the accuracy of evaluations made using these two methods and the individual merits of the two methods depending on their application.

scholarly journals Growth and carcass composition of lambs of two breeds and their cross grazing ryegrass and clover swards

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Macfarlane ◽  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Nutritional Environment ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Lamb Growth

AbstractThe effects of sward, breed type and sex on lamb growth and carcass composition were measured at two degrees of maturity in live weight. The three breed types were Scottish Blackface (no. = 60), Suffolk (no. = 59) and their reciprocal crosses (no. = 60). The lambs grazed swards of either ryegrass, clover or a mixed sward intended to contain both. The proportion of the mixed sward as clover was only 0.014. Each lamb was scanned using X-ray computed tomography to measure the weights of fat, lean and bone in the carcass at two proportions of mature body weight (0.30 and 0.45). Live weights were recorded weekly. Average daily gains (ADG) in live weight and carcass tissues were calculated for each lamb between the 0.30 and 0.45 stages of maturity.At the 0-30 stage of maturity, breed type differences in carcass composition were small; the Scottish Blackface had 0.942 as much bone as the Suffolk lambs (P < 0.001), with the cross lambs intermediate. At the 0-45 stage of maturity, Scottish Blackface lambs had less fat (0.749 times as much; P < 0.001), more lean (1.065 times as much; P < 0.001) and more bone (1.055 times as much; P < 0-001) than did Suffolk lambs. The values for crossbred lambs were intermediate but closer to those of the Suffolk. Neither sward nor its interaction with breed type had any significant effect on carcass composition at either the 0-30 or 0-45 stage of maturity. The effect of sex on carcass composition was significant at the 0-45 stage of maturity when castrated male lambs had less fat (P < 0.001) and more lean (P < 0.001) than female lambs. There were breed type by sward interactions for ADG in live weight (P < 0.05), in carcass weight (P < 0.001), and in fat (P < 0.001) and bone weights (P < 0.05). The interactions were such that Suffolk lambs had higher growth rates than Scottish Blackface lambs on clover but not on ryegrass or the mixed sward. There were no significant differences between Suffolk and crossbred lambs in growth rates on any sward. In this, and in two other experiments, the extent to which growth rate declined as the nutritional environment became worse was greater (P < 0.05) in Suffolk than in Scottish Blackface lambs; that is, Suffolk lambs expressed greater environmental sensitivity than the Scottish Blackface.

X-ray computed tomography accurately assesses beef carcass composition

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
E A Navajas ◽  
C A Glasbey ◽  
A V Fisher ◽  
D W Ross ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Spiral Ct ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Automatic Image Analysis ◽  
Independent Dataset ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Beef Carcass

X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning of live animals and carcasses provides a very accurate assessment of the weights of fat, muscle and bone in pigs (Dobrowolski et al., 2003) and sheep (Johansen et al., 2007). Although the limiting size of the CT gantry prevents CT scanning of live beef cattle, beef primal joints are small enough to be scanned. Navajas et al. (2008) explored the use of spiral CT scanning (SCTS) to quantify beef carcass composition. The automatic image analysis developed provided very accurate assessments of primal and carcass composition (Navajas et al, 2008). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of this novel method for assessing beef primal cut and carcass composition in an independent dataset.

scholarly journals Color Enhancement Strategies for 3D Printing of X-ray Computed Tomography Bone Data for Advanced Anatomy Teaching Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Inoue ◽  
Tristan Freel ◽  
Anthony Van Avermaete ◽  
W. Matthew Leevy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Teaching Models ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
X Ray Computed

Three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models are valuable visual aids that are widely used in clinical and academic settings to teach complex anatomy. Procedures for converting human biomedical image datasets, like X-ray computed tomography (CT), to prinTable 3D files were explored, allowing easy reproduction of highly accurate models; however, these largely remain monochrome. While multi-color 3D printing is available in two accessible modalities (binder-jetting and poly-jet/multi-jet systems), studies embracing the viability of these technologies in the production of anatomical teaching models are relatively sparse, especially for sub-structures within a segmentation of homogeneous tissue density. Here, we outline a strategy to manually highlight anatomical subregions of a given structure and multi-color 3D print the resultant models in a cost-effective manner. Readily available high-resolution 3D reconstructed models are accessible to the public in online libraries. From these databases, four representative files (of a femur, lumbar vertebra, scapula, and innominate bone) were selected and digitally color enhanced with one of two strategies (painting or splitting) guided by Feneis and Dauber’s Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy. Resulting models were created via 3D printing with binder-jet and/or poly-jet machines with important features, such as muscle origin and insertion points, highlighted using multiple colors. The resulting multi-color, physical models are promising teaching tools that will enhance the anatomical learning experience.

Prediction of carcass composition in meat breeds of sheep using computer tomography

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 43-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Young ◽  
R.M. Lewis ◽  
K.A. McLean ◽  
N.A.A. Robson ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Tomography ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Meat Sheep ◽  
Accurate Imaging ◽  
Made In

Ultrasound imaging has proved a very useful tool for the modern animal breeder wishing to improve carcass composition. However, more accurate imaging technologies, such as X-ray Computer Tomography (CT), could accelerate genetic improvement of carcass composition, and widen the range of traits assessed (e.g. by considering deeper tissues). Carcass quality is assuming more importance for breeders but quality traits are difficult to assess objectively and accurately in live sheep. The present study was designed to identify a few CT scan positions from which accurate prediction of dissected tissue weights could be made in meat sheep.One hundred Suffolk lambs (50 of each sex) were CT scanned and slaughtered at 14, 18, 22 or 26 weeks of age (59±16kg LW, range 20-96kg). Each animal was scanned at seven sites; three in the gigot (ISC, caudal ischium; FEM, mid-shaft of femur; HIP, hip joint), two in the loin (LV5 and LV2, 5th and 2nd lumbar vertebrae) and two in the chest/ shoulder (TV8 and TV6, 8th and 6th thoracic vertebrae).

The Use of X-ray Computed Tomography to Assess the Intrathyroidal Iodine Concentration and its Storage in the Thyroid Gland

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
I. Tomashevskiy ◽  
I. Kurnikova ◽  
R. Sargar
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
First Time

In this lecture, the need of using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to assess the intrathyroidal iodine concentration and its storage in the thyroid gland has being discussed. Due to the fact that 80 % of intrathyroidal iodine is located in the phenolic ring of thyroid hormones, which are structurally located in colloid-thyroglobulin follicles as a hormonal depot, the parameter of intrathyroidal iodine (PII) is an indicator of the stores of iodine-containing thyroid hormones directly in the organ. A decrease in intrathyroidal iodine indicates a significant functional impairment of storing thyroid hormones in the colloid of thyroglobulin of the thyroid follicles and is an early highly accurate prognostic sign of the formation of gland dysfunction. Due to the compensatory capabilities of the body, this dysfunction may appear late onset (for example, 2 months after detecting a decrease in intrathyroidal iodine). The most convenient and affordable method for determining intrathyroidal iodine is CT with two types of tomographs: 1) standard by which intrathyroidal iodine is determined by the density of the thyroid gland in Hounsfield units (HU); 2) tomographs with the option of assessing the concentration of intrathyroidal iodine (CII) in the most common units of measurement – mg/g or μg/g (used since 2016). If necessary, the conversion of some units of intrathyroidal iodine to others has the formula: CII (in μg/g) = ([density in HU] – 65) / 104. Based on the literature and our own research results, for the first time, we calculated the limits of normal intrathyroidal iodine fluctuations in euthyroid individuals, which are 85–140 HU units or 200–700 μg/g intrathyroidal iodine. Identification of the examined intrathyroidal iodine beyond the indicated fluctuations indicates the functional impairment of storing thyroid hormones, which ultimately will lead to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism (except when the patient is taking levothyroxine, mercazole, β-blockers – drugs that reduce intrathyroidal iodine). For the first time, an algorithm is presented for differential diagnosis of iodine-deficient and iodine-induced thyroid dysfunctions, which can only be done using CT: if there is a functional impairment of the thyroid gland with intrathyroidal iodinelevel less than 85 units of HU or 200 μg/g CII, then it is considered iodine deficient; with intrathyroidal iodinelevel more than 140 units of HU or 700 μg/g of CII, it is considered iodine-induced. The algorithm for the prevention of iodine-induced thyroid pathology with iodine prophylaxis is that iodine prophylaxis should not be prescribed or continued when intrathyroidal iodinelevel is 140 units of HU or 700 μg/g of CII or more.

scholarly journals Effects of food quality on growth and carcass composition in lambs of two breeds and their cross

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Lewis ◽  
J. M. Macfarlane ◽  
G. Simm ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Food Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Lamb Growth

AbstractThe effects of food quality, breed type and sex (ram and ewe) on lamb growth and carcass composition, and their changes throughout growth, were measured. The three breed types were Scottish Blackface (B; no. = 24), Suffolk (S; no. = 28) and their reciprocal crosses (X; no. 33). The lambs had free access to a nutritionally non-limiting food, H, or a bulky food, L. Each lamb was scanned using X-ray computed tomography to measure the weights of fat, lean and bone in the carcass at three degrees of maturity (0.30,0.45 and 0.65) in live weight. Live weight and food intake data were recorded weekly. Average daily gains in live weight (ADG) and carcass tissues, intake (ADI) and efficiency (EFF = ADG/ADI) were calculated for each lamb between degrees of maturity. Gompertz and Spillman functions were used to investigate relationships between weight and both time and cumulative food intake.There was a breed by food interaction for fat and lean proportions (P < 0.05). Only on H was there a breed difference (P < 0.05) with S having less fat and more lean than either B or X, which did not differ from each other (P > 0.1). On food L there were no breed effects (P > 0.1). Across breeds, sexes and stages of maturity, food L caused lambs to have 0.810 as much fat and 1.063 as much lean compared with H (P < 0.001). There were breed by food interactions for ADG (P < 0.05) and EFF (P < 0.01). ADG on L was 0.72 of that on H for S, as compared with 0.79 for B and X. EFF on L was 0.463 of that on H for S, as compared with 0.586 for B and X. These were such that S was more sensitive to food effects on growth. The Gompertz and Spillman functions described growth well.

scholarly journals Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago P. Carvalho ◽  
James S. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Electric Fish ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
X Ray Computed

We redescribe Iracema caiana, a monotypic genus of the gymnotiform electric fish family Rhamphichthyidae. Iracema is known only from the type series (holotype and three paratypes) collected from the rio Jauaperi, affluent to the rio Negro in the Amazon basin, and was never collected again. Previous morphological studies were limited to features of external morphology. To study the osteology of Iracema we examined two specimens of different sizes using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, a non-invasive and non-destructive technique to visualize internal anatomical structures. We describe and illustrate the osteology of Iracema caiana, and present data on morphometrics and external morphology. Contrary to previous hypotheses we propose that Iracema is the sister group to Rhamphichthys based on four synapomorphies: intermuscular bones present in the adductor mandibulae, reticulated texture of opercles, fully ossified Baudelot's ligaments, and elongate scales above the lateral line in the posterior portion of the body.

Associations between beef density by X-ray computed tomography, intramuscular fat and fatty acid composition: preliminary results

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
E A Navajas ◽  
R I Richardson ◽  
C A Glasbey ◽  
N Prieto ◽  
D W Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Muscle Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed

X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning makes use of the different rates at which the tissues attenuate X-rays depending on their densities. CT muscle density (MD) is the average pixel value for this tissue in the CT images and is related to real density of the tissue, which depends on its chemical composition. One of the components determining muscle density is intramuscular fat (IMF). Studies in sheep have shown that MD, measured in vivo, was phenotypically and genetically correlated to IMF and to fatty acid (FA) composition in Scottish Blackface lambs (Karamichou et al. 2006). Intramuscular fat and FA are important traits to measure due to their association with the nutritional value and eating quality of meat. A novel automatic image analysis for spiral CT scans (SCTS) of beef primal cuts allows very accurate estimations of primal cut and carcass composition with R2 of 0.90 to 0.99 (Navajas et al., 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of MD of beef primal cuts with IMF and FA profile in Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Limousin (LIM) cattle, based on the CT thresholds estimated as part of the development of the image analysis described by Navajas et al. (2008).

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