Analysis of Phase Noise in a Hybrid Photonic/Millimetre-Wave System for Single and Multi-Carrier Radio Applications

The future evolution of wireless networks, throughout the 5G era and beyond, will require the expansion and augmentation of millimetre-wave systems for both terrestrial and satellite communications. Photonic technologies offer a cost efficient and high bandwidth platform for millimetre-wave carrier generation and distribution, but can introduce high levels of phase noise through optical heterodyning, which is highly problematic for mobile signal waveforms. In this work, a detailed analytical model of a hybrid photonic/mm-wave system is developed and discussed. Through careful system design, the system is found to support both 5G compatible multi-carrier (OFDM) and single carrier (APSK) modulation at 60 GHz. APSK is found to offer higher tolerance mm-wave phase noise compared to OFDM, ultimately easing optical linewidth restrictions to ∼30 kHz. The model is extended to include a novel millimetre wave phase noise cancelling receiver, which is shown to significantly alleviate these restrictions even further—enabling phase noise free mm-wave operation for optical linewidths up to ∼2 MHz. Detailed analysis and discussion of this extended system lead to the establishment of a theoretical relationship between the mm-wave receiver design and the achievable system performance in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM). Excellent matching of the predicted theoretical with simulated performances is shown.

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Decision-directed phase noise compensation for millimeter-wave single carrier systems with iterative frequency-domain equalization

International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies ◽

10.1017/s1759078710000516 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (3-4) ◽

pp. 399-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Satoshi Suyama ◽

Junichi Onodera ◽

Hiroshi Suzuki ◽

Kazuhiko Fukawa

Keyword(s):

Phase Noise ◽

Frequency Domain ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Time Domain ◽

Wave Band ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Transmission Performance ◽

Frequency Domain Equalization ◽

Noise Compensation ◽

Single Carrier

This paper proposes a receiver that repeats iterative frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and decision-directed phase noise compensation (DD-PNC) to alleviate degradation due to the phase noise for millimeter-wave single carrier (SC) systems. High bit-rate SC-FDE transceivers based on the single-chip Si RF-CMOS IC technology in the 60-GHz millimeter-wave band have been extensively studied for wireless personal area network (WPAN) systems, and the relatively large phase noise in a phase-locked loop (PLL) synthesizer severely degrades transmission performance. In an initial processing of the proposed receiver, a cyclic prefix (CP)-based phase noise compensator (CP-PNC) removes the phase noise from a time-domain received signal by using CP, which is known to the receiver, and the channel is equalized by the iterative FDE using the conventional minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) weight. In an iterative processing, DD-PNC estimates the phase noise each symbol by exploiting an output of a channel decoder, and then compensates the time-domain received signal for the phase noise by using the estimate. In order to equalize the compensated received signal, the iterative FDE performs both the MMSE filtering and residual inter-symbol interference cancelation using the decoder output. Computer simulations following the 60-GHz WPAN standard demonstrate that in the 64QAM with the coding rate of 3/4, the proposed receiver with three iterations can drastically remove the phase noise of −85 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, and that it can achieve excellent transmission performance.

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Performance and Trends in Millimetre-Wave CMOS Oscillators for Emerging Wireless Applications

International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology ◽

10.1155/2013/312618 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Marius Voicu ◽

Domenico Pepe ◽

Domenico Zito

Keyword(s):

Phase Noise ◽

Ring Oscillator ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Millimetre Wave ◽

Voltage Controlled Oscillators ◽

Wireless Applications ◽

Current State ◽

Performance Trends ◽

Cmos Oscillators ◽

And Performance

This paper reports the latest advances on millimeter-wave CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Current state-of-the-art implementations are reviewed, and their performances are compared in terms of phase noise and figure of merit. Low power and low phase noise LC-VCO and ring oscillator designs are analyzed and discussed. Design and performance trends over the last decade are provided and discussed. The paper shows how for the higher range of millimeter-waves (>60 GHz) the performances of ring oscillators become comparable with those of LC-VCOs.

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An investigation of 16-QAM signal transmission over turbulent RoFSO link modeled by gamma–gamma distribution

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2020-0126 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Abhishek Tripathi ◽

Shilpi Gupta ◽

Abhilash Mandloi ◽

Gireesh G Soni

Keyword(s):

Gamma Distribution ◽

Free Space ◽

Signal Transmission ◽

Channel Modeling ◽

Symbol Error Rate ◽

Average Error ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Free Space Optical ◽

Error Vector Magnitude ◽

Space Optical Communication

AbstractThis paper outlines the performance of a 10 Gbit/s rectangular 16-quadrature amplitude modulation–based radio over free space optical communication system. Here, 60 GHz radio frequency–modulated signal is propagated through a 1550-nm free space optical link. The gamma–gamma distribution is used for the channel modeling of weak to strong atmospheric turbulence. The reported constellation plots and eye patterns are attributed to impairment factors in adverse conditions of atmosphere. The evaluation is carried out that the variation in average error vector magnitude in the range of 1.45–1.63% and equivalent symbol error rate of 0.019–0.023 are obtained for a clear atmosphere compared to the turbulent link of 0.2–1 km, respectively.

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Block Equalization for Single-Carrier Satellite Communications with High-Mobility Receivers

IEEE GLOBECOM 2007-2007 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference ◽

10.1109/glocom.2007.952 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Rugini ◽

P. Banelli ◽

M. Berioli

Keyword(s):

High Mobility ◽

Satellite Communications ◽

Single Carrier

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Receiver Design for Single-Carrier Block Transmission Over Doubly Selective Channels

Wireless Personal Communications ◽

10.1007/s11277-014-1611-8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 1833-1845

Author(s):

Liang Dong

Keyword(s):

Receiver Design ◽

Doubly Selective Channels ◽

Block Transmission ◽

Single Carrier

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Design of Millimetre Wave Phase Shifting Periodic Metasurfaces

12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) ◽

10.1049/cp.2018.0414 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

J. Churm ◽

M.S. Rabbani ◽

A. Feresidis

Keyword(s):

Phase Shifting ◽

Millimetre Wave ◽

Wave Phase

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Millimetre wave radiation activates leech nociceptors via TRPV1-like receptor sensitisation

10.1101/480665 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

S. Romanenko ◽

A. R. Harvey ◽

L Hool ◽

R. Begley ◽

S. Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Slices ◽

Potassium Conductance ◽

Resting Potential ◽

Wave Radiation ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Membrane Excitability ◽

Millimetre Wave ◽

Conductive Heating ◽

Exposure Levels

AbstractDue to new applications such as wireless communications, security scanning, and imaging the presence of artificially generated high frequency (30-300 GHz) millimetre-wave (MMW) signals in the environment is increasing. Although safe exposure levels have been set by studies involving direct thermal damage to tissue, there is evidence that MMWs can have an impact on cellular function, including neurons. Earlier in vitro studies have shown that exposure levels well below the recommended safe limit of 1mW/cm2 cause changes in the action potential (AP) firing rate, resting potential, and AP pulse shape of sensory neurons in leech preparations, as well as alter neuronal properties in rat cortical brain slices; these effects differ from changes induced by direct heating. In this paper we examine continuous MMW power (up to 80 mW/cm2 at 60 GHz) and evaluate the responses in the thermosensitive primary nociceptors of the medicinal leech (genus Richardsonianus Australis). The results show that MMW exposure causes an almost two-fold decrease in the threshold for activation of the AP compared with conductive heating (3.6±0.4 mV vs. 6.5±0.4 mV respectively). Our analysis suggests that MMW exposure mediated threshold alterations are not caused by enhancement of voltage gated sodium and potassium conductance. Moreover, it appears that MMW exposure has a modest suppressing effect on membrane excitability. We propose that the reduction in AP threshold can be attributed to sensitization of the TRPV1-like receptor in the leech nociceptor. In silico modelling supported the experimental findings. Our results provide evidence that MMW exposure stimulates specific receptor responses that differ from direct conductive heating, fostering the need for additional studies.

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