scholarly journals From Femtoseconds to Hours–Measuring Dynamics over 18 Orders of Magnitude with Coherent X-rays

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6179
Author(s):  
Felix Lehmkühler ◽  
Wojciech Roseker ◽  
Gerhard Grübel
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Coherent Scattering ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Technique

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) enables the study of sample dynamics between micrometer and atomic length scales. As a coherent scattering technique, it benefits from the increased brilliance of the next-generation synchrotron radiation and Free-Electron Laser (FEL) sources. In this article, we will introduce the XPCS concepts and review the latest developments of XPCS with special attention on the extension of accessible time scales to sub-μs and the application of XPCS at FELs. Furthermore, we will discuss future opportunities of XPCS and the related technique X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy (XSVS) at new X-ray sources. Due to its particular signal-to-noise ratio, the time scales accessible by XPCS scale with the square of the coherent flux, allowing to dramatically extend its applications. This will soon enable studies over more than 18 orders of magnitude in time by XPCS and XSVS.

scholarly journals The Effect of Intensity Fluctuations on Sequential X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at the X-ray Free Electron Laser Facilities

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Yue Cao ◽  
Dina Sheyfer ◽  
Zhang Jiang ◽  
Siddharth Maddali ◽  
Hoydoo You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intensity Fluctuations

How materials evolve at thermal equilibrium and under external excitations at small length and time scales is crucial to the understanding and control of material properties. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) at X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facilities can in principle capture dynamics of materials that are substantially faster than a millisecond. However, the analysis and interpretation of XPCS data is hindered by the strongly fluctuating X-ray intensity from XFELs. Here we examine the impact of pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations on sequential XPCS analysis. We show that the conventional XPCS analysis can still faithfully capture the characteristic time scales, but with substantial decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the g2 function and increase in the uncertainties of the extracted time constants. We also demonstrate protocols for improving the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing the uncertainties.

scholarly journals Non-equilibrium processes in martensitic phase transformations by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1754 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Michael Widera ◽  
Uwe Klemradt
Keyword(s):  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Equilibrium Dynamics ◽  
Speckle Patterns ◽  
Martensitic Phase Transformations ◽  
Non Equilibrium

ABSTRACTThrough undulator sources at 3rd generation synchrotrons, highly coherent X-rays with sufficient flux are nowadays routinely available, which allow carrying over photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) from visible light to the X-ray regime. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is based on the auto-correlation of X-ray speckle patterns during the temporal evolution of a material and provides access both to equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of materials at the Angstrom scale. Owing to technical limitations (detector readout), XPCS has typically been used for the detection of slow dynamics on the scale of seconds. The variety of scattering geometries employed in conventional X-ray analysis can be combined with XPCS. In this work, we report on bulk diffraction (XRD) used to study the prototypical shape memory alloy Ni63Al37 undergoing a structural, diffusionless (martensitic) transformation. Two-time correlation functions reveal non-equilibrium dynamics superimposed with microstructural avalanches.

Combined measurement of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and diffracted X-ray tracking using pink beam X-rays

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Shinohara ◽  
Akira Watanabe ◽  
Hiroyuki Kishimoto ◽  
Yoshiyuki Amemiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Combined X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) measurements of carbon-black nanocrystals embedded in styrene–butadiene rubber were performed. From the intensity fluctuation of speckle patterns in a small-angle scattering region (XPCS), dynamical information relating to the translational motion can be obtained, and the rotational motion is observed through the changes in the positions of DXT diffraction spots. Graphitized carbon-black nanocrystals in unvulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber showed an apparent discrepancy between their translational and rotational motions; this result seems to support a stress-relaxation model for the origin of super-diffusive particle motion that is widely observed in nanocolloidal systems. Combined measurements using these two techniques will give new insights into nanoscopic dynamics, and will be useful as a microrheology technique.

scholarly journals X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy of protein dynamics at nearly diffraction-limited storage rings

IUCrJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Möller ◽  
Michael Sprung ◽  
Anders Madsen ◽  
Christian Gutt
Keyword(s):  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Protein Molecule ◽  
Storage Rings ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
New Generation

This study explores the possibility of measuring the dynamics of proteins in solution using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) at nearly diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs). We calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of XPCS experiments from a concentrated lysozyme solution at the length scale of the hydrodynamic radius of the protein molecule. We take into account limitations given by the critical X-ray dose and find expressions for the SNR as a function of beam size, sample-to-detector distance and photon energy. Specifically, we show that the combined increase in coherent flux and coherence lengths at the DLSR PETRA IV yields an increase in SNR of more than one order of magnitude. The resulting SNR values indicate that XPCS experiments of biological macromolecules on nanometre length scales will become feasible with the advent of a new generation of synchrotron sources. Our findings provide valuable input for the design and construction of future XPCS beamlines at DLSRs.

scholarly journals CONTIN XPCS: software for inverse transform analysis of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross N. Andrews ◽  
Suresh Narayanan ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Ivan Kuzmenko ◽  
Jan Ilavsky
Keyword(s):  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Coherent Scattering ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Software Implementation ◽  
Exponential Fitting ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Inverse Transform ◽  
Heterogeneous Dynamics

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) reveal materials dynamics using coherent scattering, with XPCS permitting the investigation of dynamics in a more diverse array of materials than DLS. Heterogeneous dynamics occur in many material systems. The authors' recent work has shown how classic tools employed in the DLS analysis of heterogeneous dynamics can be extended to XPCS, revealing additional information that conventional Kohlrausch exponential fitting obscures. The present work describes the software implementation of inverse transform analysis of XPCS data. This software, calledCONTIN XPCS, is an extension of traditionalCONTINanalysis and accommodates the various dynamics encountered in equilibrium XPCS measurements.

scholarly journals Techniques to characterize dynamics in biomaterials microenvironments: XPCS and microrheology of alginate/PEO–PPO–PEO hydrogels

Soft Matter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suan P. Quah ◽  
Yugang Zhang ◽  
Andrei Fluerasu ◽  
Xiaoxi Yu ◽  
Bingqian Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Material ◽  
Cell Material Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments provide insight into microscale dynamics of soft materials and biomaterials, differing from macroscale rheology, on time scales relevant to some cell-material interactions.

scholarly journals Feasibility study of visibility-based X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C291-C291
Author(s):  
Ichiro Inoue ◽  
Yuya Shinohara ◽  
Akira Watanabe ◽  
Yoshiyuki Amemiya
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Speckle Pattern ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Photon Correlation ◽  
X Ray

When coherent X-rays impinge upon a disordered system, a grainy scattering pattern called speckle pattern is observed. If the system evolves with time, the corresponding speckle pattern also changes. Temporal changes in the speckle patterns therefore provide information on the dynamics of the system. This technique, which is called X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) [1], has shown the potential to access dynamic properties of various materials, such as colloidal suspensions, block copolymer, supercooled liquids, alloys, and antiferromagnetic materials. Although XPCS is a powerful technique for material science as recent studies show, it has a limitation of time resolution: dynamics faster than the frame rate of detector cannot be measured. When a two-dimensional (2D) detector is used in XPCS, the time resolution is limited to the order of milliseconds. For improving the time resolution of XPCS, we have extended speckle visibility spectroscopy (SVS) in the region of visible light [2] to the region of X-rays (X-ray SVS; XSVS) [3]. Since the minimum exposure time of the scattering patterns determines the time resolutions of XSVS and SVS, micro- or nano- second dynamics can be measured even with a 2D detector. Thus, XSVS has potential to bridge the time gap between XPCS and inelastic neutron/X-ray scattering techniques, and will be one of the promising tools for various science with the next generation synchrotron X-ray sources, such as diffraction limited storage rings and energy recovery linac based X-ray sources. In this presentation, we will describe the principle of XSVS and show the result of the application of XSVS to Brownian colloidal suspensions. This study was performed under the approval of JASRI (2011A1112, 2011B1131). We acknowledge Drs. N. Yagi and N. Ohta for their kind support in performing experiments.

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