scholarly journals Vegetable Oil-Based Resins Reinforced with Spruce Bark Powder and with Its Hydrochar Lignocellulosic Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10649
Author(s):  
Roxana Dinu ◽  
Iuliana Bejenari ◽  
Irina Volf ◽  
Alice Mija
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Catalytic Effect ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

A bio-based polymeric matrix was developed by the copolymerization of a vegetable oil-based epoxy, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA). To obtain eco-friendly bio-composites, this matrix was combined with a natural filler: spruce bark powder (SB) with its hydrochar (HC) in various proportions ranged from 1 to 30 wt.%. The reactivities of these formulations were studied by DSC analysis that highlighted that both fillers have a high catalytic effect on the ELO–DDSA crosslinking reaction. The complementary studies by TGA, DMA, tensile tests, water absorption and Shore tests had shown that both HC and SB bring improvements to the mechanical properties of the composites, fulfilling multiple roles: (i) Both act as co-reactants in the copolymerization mechanism; (ii) HC acts as reinforcement, consolidating the network and providing stiffness and rigidity; and (iii) SB acts as plasticizer for reducing the brittle character of the epoxy resins.

scholarly journals Fully Biobased Epoxy Resins from Fatty Acids and Lignin

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Ortiz ◽  
Richard Vendamme ◽  
Walter Eevers
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Present System ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Commodity Chemicals ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

The use of renewable resources for plastic production is an imperious need for the reduction of the carbon footprint and the transition towards a circular economy. With that goal in mind, fully biobased epoxy resins have been designed and prepared by combining epoxidized linseed oil, lignin, and a biobased diamine derived from fatty acid dimers. The aromatic structures in lignin provide hardness and strength to an otherwise flexible and breakable epoxy resin. The curing of the system was investigated by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of the different components on the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy resins was analyzed by DSC, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. As the content of lignin in the resin increases, so does the glass transition, the Young’s modulus, and the onset of thermal degradation. This correlation is non-linear, and the higher the percentage of lignin, the more pronounced the effect. All the components of the epoxy resin being commodity chemicals, the present system provides a realistic opportunity for the preparation of fully biorenewable resins at an industrial scale.

Epoxy resins and composites from epoxidized linseed oil copolymers with cyclohexene oxide

2021 ◽  
pp. 102269
Author(s):  
Zoran S. Petrović ◽  
Jian Hong ◽  
Milica Lovrić Vuković ◽  
Jasna Djonlagić
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Cyclohexene Oxide ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

scholarly journals "BIO-BASED EPOXY RESINS AND COMPOSITES FROM EPOXIDIZED LINSEED OIL CROSSLINKED WITH DIFFERENT CYCLIC ANHYDRIDES AND THEIR COMBINATION WITH LIGNIN"

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 925-938
Author(s):  
ROXANA DINU ◽  
ALICE MIJA
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
High Load ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Gel Content ◽  
Hardness Tests ◽  
Initiation Step ◽  
Cyclic Anhydrides ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

Biobased resins and composites with high biobased carbon content were prepared and characterized. Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) was copolymerized with four cyclic anhydrides, the initiation step being optimized in terms of initiator nature and its ratio. The optimized ELO/anhydride formulations were combined with a high load of lignin, as biofiller, ~30 wt%. The obtained materials were characterized by TGA, DSC, DMA, gel content, water absorption (WA) and Shore hardness tests. The results revealed very good thermomechanical properties, high gel content and low WA, opening the way to their utilization as a sustainable alternative to oil-based resins and composites.

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of the Curing Process of Biobased Epoxy Resin from Epoxidized Linseed Oil by Dynamic Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Diego Lascano ◽  
Alejandro Lerma-Canto ◽  
Vicent Fombuena ◽  
Rafael Balart ◽  
Nestor Montanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

The curing process of epoxy resin based on epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) is studied using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to determine the kinetic triplet (Ea, f(α) and A) at different heating rates. The apparent activation energy, Ea, has been calculated by several differential and integral isoconversional methods, namely Kissinger, Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Starink. All methods provide similar values of Ea (between 66 and 69 kJ/mol), and this shows independence versus the heating rate used. The epoxy resins crosslinking is characterized by a multi-step process. However, for the sake of the simplicity and to facilitate the understanding of the influence of the oxirane location on the curing kinetic, this can be assimilated to a single-step process. The reaction model has a high proportion of autocatalytic process, fulfilling that αM is between 0 and αp and αM < αp∞. Using as reference the model proposed by Šesták–Berggren, by obtaining two parameters (n and m) it is possible to obtain, on the one hand, the kinetic parameters and, on the other hand, a graphical comparison of the degree of conversion, α, versus temperature (T) at different heating rates with the average n and m values of this model. The good accuracy of the proposed model with regard to the actual values obtained by DSC gives consistency to the obtained parameters, thus suggesting the crosslinking of the ELO-based epoxy has apparent activation energies similar to other petroleum-derived epoxy resins.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Epoxy Resins Based on Linseed Oil Cured with Naturally Occurring Acids

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Thiele ◽  
Nicole Eversmann ◽  
Andreas Krombholz ◽  
Daniela Pufky-Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gel Time ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Biogenic Compounds ◽  
Methyltetrahydrophthalic Anhydride ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

Structural properties of resins based on epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) were investigated in reference to varying amounts of the hardener components methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and maleic acid (MA). This includes gel time and the Shore A and D hardness. The shortest gel time of 0.9 min and the highest Shore A and D hardness of 85 and 34 were found at a nMTHPA/nPMDA/nMA molar ratio of 8/1/8. To study the effect of the ELO mass on gel time and hardness, different masses of ELO (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 g) were used, keeping the amount of the hardener system (4 g) (MTHPA, PMDA and MA) constant. With increased ELO mass, gel time increased while the Shore A and D hardness of the samples did not differ when up to 14 g ELO was applied. Substitution of petrol-based PMDA with biogenic compounds, specifically oxalic acid and citric acid, resulted in new bio-based epoxy resins with shorter gel times while maintaining hardness.

scholarly journals Properties of biobased epoxy resins from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) crosslinked with a mixture of cyclic anhydride and maleinized linseed oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Samper ◽  
J. M. Ferri ◽  
A. Carbonell-Verdu ◽  
R. Balart ◽  
O. Fenollar
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Cyclic Anhydride ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

scholarly journals Dynamic–Mechanical and Decomposition Properties of Flax/Basalt Hybrid Laminates Based on an Epoxidized Linseed Oil Polymer

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Dana Luca Motoc ◽  
Jose Miguel Ferri ◽  
Santiago Ferrandiz-Bou ◽  
Daniel Garcia-Garcia ◽  
Rafael Balart
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Glutaric Anhydride ◽  
Transfer Molding ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Thermal Gravimetry ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Decomposition Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

This contribution focuses on the development of flax and flax/basalt hybrid reinforced composites based on epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) resin, exploiting the feasibility of different ratios of glutaric anhydride (GA) to maleinized linseed oil (MLO) in the hardener system (50:0, 40:10 and 30:20 wt.%) to provide crosslinked thermosets with balanced properties. The hybrid laminates have been manufactured by resin transfer molding (RTM) and subjected to dynamic–mechanical (DMA) and thermal gravimetry (TGA) analysis. The presence of glutaric anhydride (GA) resulted in hard and relatively brittle flax and flax/basalt laminates, whose loss moduli decreased as the number of basalt plies diminished. Furthermore, the increase in MLO content in the GA:MLO hardener system shifted the glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 70 °C to 59 and 56 °C, which is representative of a decrease in brittleness of the crosslinked resin. All samples exhibited two stages of their decomposition process irrespective of the MLO content. The latter influenced the residual mass content that increased with the increase of the MLO wt.% from 10 to 30 wt.%, with shifts of the final degradation temperatures from 410 °C to 425 °C and 445 °C, respectively.

Effect of bio-oil and epoxidized linseed oil on physical, mechanical, and biological properties of treated wood

2013 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 1562-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Temiz ◽  
Gaye Kose ◽  
Dmitri Panov ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Mehmet Hakkı Alma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

Curing of wood treated with vinyl acetate-epoxidized linseed oil copolymer (VAc-ELO)

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengzhen Cai ◽  
Mohamed Jebrane ◽  
Nasko Terziev
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Reflectance Ftir ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Time Linear ◽  
Ir Bands ◽  
Epoxidized Linseed Oil

Abstract Scots pine sapwood was treated with a new formulation consisting of vinyl acetate (VAc) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) catalyzed by potassium persulfate to impart protection to wood. The effects of various curing temperatures, durations, and solution uptakes on dimensional stability (DS) and leachability were studied. The new formulation provided good anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) ranging from 35% to 47% with negligible leaching of the treating agent after four cycles of water soaking and oven drying (2%–2.5%). The extent of polymerization in wood was observed by FTIR-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) by evaluation of the areas below typical IR bands as a function of curing temperature and time. Linear relationships were found with high R2 values. The FTIR data of extracted samples were interpreted that chemical reactions took place between the resulting copolymer and wood components.

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