scholarly journals Combined Effects of External Moments and Muscle Activations on ACL Loading during Numerical Simulations of a Female Model in OpenSim

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11971
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Daliet ◽  
Kristín Briem ◽  
Sigurður Brynjólfsson ◽  
Haraldur B. Sigurðsson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Valgus Knee ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Muscle Activations

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been studied using a variety of methods and tools. However, each is hindered by specific limitations with respect to its application. Aim: To assess the combined effects of external moments and muscle activations on ACL loading using serial, forward dynamics (FD) simulations of single leg, hyperextension landings in OpenSim. Methods: The FD tool of OpenSim was iteratively run using different combinations of knee-spanning muscle activation levels, internal rotation and valgus knee moment magnitudes. A regression was conducted on the data in order to predict ACL loading under different conditions. Results: A purely abduction moment leads to greater mean ACL loading than a purely internal rotation moment or any combination of the two. Additionally, the generalized boosted regression model using both external moments and certain knee muscles identified the internal rotation moment as the most important variable in predicting the ACL load (R2 = 0.9; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a novel and practical application of an OpenSim musculoskeletal model that supports the ACL injury mechanism of landing with low knee flexion angles, high muscle forces of the Quadriceps muscles and an external knee valgus moment, though further investigation is needed.

scholarly journals Effects of Transverse and Frontal Plane Knee Laxity on Hip and Knee Neuromechanics during Drop Landings

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1821-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Shultz ◽  
Randy J. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Laxity ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background Varus-valgus (LAXVV) and internal-external (LAXIER) rotational knee laxity have received attention as potential contributing factors in anterior cruciate ligament injury. This study compared persons with above- and below-average LAXVV and LAXIER values on hip and knee neuromechanics during drop jump landings. Hypothesis People with greater LAXVV and LAXIER values will have greater challenges controlling frontal and transverse plane knee motions, as evidenced by greater joint excursions, joint moments, and muscle activation levels during the landing phase. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Recreationally active participants (52 women and 44 men) between 18 and 30 years old were measured for LAXVV and LAXIER and for their muscle activation and transverse and frontal plane hip and knee kinetics and kinematics during the initial landing phase of a drop jump. The mean value was obtained for each sex, and those with above-average values on LAXVV and LAXIER (LAXHIGH = 17 women, 16 men) were compared with those with below-average values (LAXLOW = 18 women, 17 men). Results Women with LAXHIGH verus LAXLOW were initially positioned in greater hip adduction and knee valgus and also produced more prolonged internal hip adduction and knee varus moments as they moved toward greater hip adduction and internal rotation as the landing progressed. These patterns in LAX HIGH women were accompanied by greater prelanding and postlanding muscle activation amplitudes. Men with LAXHIGH versus LAXLOW also demonstrated greater hip adduction motion and produced greater internal hip internal rotation and knee varus and internal rotation moments. Conclusion Participants with greater LAXVV and LAXIER landed with greater hip and knee transverse and frontal plane hip and knee motions. Clinical Relevance People (especially, women) with increased frontal and transverse plane knee laxity demonstrate motions associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms.

scholarly journals Can Technique Modification Training Reduce Knee Moments in a Landing Task?

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair R. Dempsey ◽  
Bruce C. Elliott ◽  
Bridget J. Munro ◽  
Julie R. Steele ◽  
David G. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Can Technique ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are costly. Sidestep technique training reduces knee moments that load the ACL. This study examined whether landing technique training alters knee moments. Nineteen team sport athletes completed the study. Motion analysis and ground reaction forces were recorded before and after 6 weeks of technique modification. An inverse dynamic model was used to calculate three-dimensional knee loading. Pre- and postintervention scores were compared using pairedttests. Maximal knee flexion angle during landing was increased following training. There was no change in valgus or flexion moments, but an increase in peak internal rotation moment. This increase in internal rotation moment may increase the risk of ACL injury. However, the increased angle at which the peak internal rotation moment occurred at follow up may mitigate any increase in injury risk by reducing load transmission.

scholarly journals Valgus Knee Angle during Drop Landing in Female and Male Physical Education Major Undergraduate Students

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Ka lam SAM
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Valgus Knee ◽  
Knee Angle ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Gender differences in lower extremity landing mechanics and muscle activation have been identified as potential causative factors leading to the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. Valgus knee alignment places greater strain on the anterior cruciate ligament than a more neutral alignment. Biceps Femoris (BF) may provide dynamic stability to the knee joint during landing, decreasing knee valgus and preventing placing strain on the anterior cruciate ligament. The purpose of this study was to determine if frontal-plane knee angle and Biceps Femoris (BF) activation differ between the sexes at initial contact (IC) and maximal knee flexion (MKF) during a drop landing. Nine male and eight female healthy subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Frontal-plane knee angle and BF average root mean square (aRMS) amplitude were measured using BTS (Bioengineering Technology & Systems) electromyography, video acquisition system and Kistler force platform. It was found that at initial contact, women landed in valgus, and men landed in varus (P < .001). At maximal knee flexion, men reached a greater varus position than women (P < .001). Women’s BF aRMS amplitude was less than men. At initial contact, BF aRMS amplitude significantly differed between groups (P < .05). However, no significance difference between groups at maximal knee flexion (P > .05). To conclude, women tended to land in more knee valgus than men. At initial contact, women performed different and less BF muscle activation than men. The stabilization mechanism in landing knee motion between initial contact and maximal knee flexion is still unknown. 股二頭肌能通過減輕膝外翻程度來增加著地時膝關節的穩定性，從而減輕前十字韌帶受到的張力。有研究表明，不同群體之間下肢著地技術和肌肉活動情況的差異是增加女子運動員前十字韌帶受傷幾率的兩大潛在因素。當膝外翻時，十字韌帶受到比膝蓋處於中立位時更大的張力。本研究通過運用Kistler測力台，肌電圖，以及BTS視頻採集系統對17名(男=9，女=8)主修體育的本科生進行測量，目的在於討論著地瞬間膝關節的角度和股二頭肌活動是否存在性別差異，以及測定著地緩衝後的最大膝角和股二頭肌活動是否存在性別差異。結果發現，在著地瞬間，女性較男性更容易出現膝外翻現象(p<.001)。肌電圖顯示，女性股二頭肌振幅 比男性要小且男女之間存在顯著性差異(p<.05)，但當緩衝至最大膝角時，男女之間的差異並不顯著(p>.05)。著地過程中，下肢肌肉的穩定機制與膝部運動的關係有待進一步探討。

Feasibility of Measuring the Effect of Knee Injury Prevention Training on Dynamic ACL Length During Jump Landing

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Bishop ◽  
Scott Tashman ◽  
Roger Zauel ◽  
Erinn L. Demps ◽  
Gwynne Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Medical Expense ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Muscle Balance ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are very common, causing pain, loss of function, and medical expense. Women sustain ACL injuries more often than men. Most of these injuries (70%) are non-contact for women [1], occurring during pivoting or sudden deceleration [2]. Training programs have been developed to try to prevent these injuries in women. These programs are designed to improve strength, muscle balance, and knee control. Evaluating the effectiveness of training programs is difficult. To date, these evaluations have only assessed factors such as muscle activation and joint angles that are not directly related to ACL strain and ACL injury risk.

scholarly journals Single-Leg Landings Following a Volleyball Spike May Increase the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury More Than Landing on Both-Legs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Datao Xu ◽  
Xinyan Jiang ◽  
Xuanzhen Cen ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Yaodong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Volleyball players often land on a single leg following a spike shot due to a shift in the center of gravity and loss of balance. Landing on a single leg following a spike may increase the probability of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the kinematics and kinetics differences during the landing phase of volleyball players using a single leg (SL) and double-leg landing (DL) following a spike shot. The data for vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) and sagittal plane were collected. SPM analysis revealed that SL depicted a smaller knee flexion angle (about 13.8°) and hip flexion angle (about 10.8°) during the whole landing phase, a greater knee and hip power during the 16.83–20.45% (p = 0.006) and 13.01–16.26% (p = 0.008) landing phase, a greater ankle plantarflexion angle and moment during the 0–41.07% (p < 0.001) and 2.76–79.45% (p < 0.001) landing phase, a greater VGRF during the 5.87–8.25% (p = 0.029), 19.75–24.14% (p = 0.003) landing phase when compared to DL. Most of these differences fall within the time range of ACL injury (30–50 milliseconds after landing). To reduce non-contact ACL injuries, a landing strategy of consciously increasing the hip and knee flexion, and plantarflexion of the ankle should be considered by volleyball players.

scholarly journals No Association Between Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Selected Candidate Collagen Gene Variants in Female Elite Athletes From High-Risk Team Sports

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Andreas Sivertsen ◽  
Kari Bente Foss Haug ◽  
Eirik Klami Kristianslund ◽  
Anne-Marie Siebke Trøseid ◽  
Jari Parkkari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Acl Rupture ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Several single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in collagen genes have been reported as predisposing factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. However, the evidence is conflicting and does not support a clear association between genetic variants and risk of ACL ruptures. Purpose: To assess the association of previously identified candidate SNVs in genes encoding for collagen and the risk of ACL injury in a population of elite female athletes from high-risk team sports. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 851 female Norwegian and Finnish elite athletes from team sports were included from 2007 to 2011. ACL injuries acquired before inclusion in the cohort were registered by interview. The participants were followed prospectively through 2015 to record new complete ACL injuries. Six selected SNVs were genotyped ( COL1A1: rs1800012, rs1107946; COL3A1: rs1800255; COL5A1: rs12722, rs13946; COL12A1: rs970547). Results: No associations were found between ACL rupture and the SNVs tested. Conclusion: The study does not support a role of the 6 selected SNVs in genes encoding for collagen proteins as risk factors for ACL injury. Clinical Relevance: Genetic profiling to identify athletes at high risk for ACL rupture is not yet feasible.

scholarly journals Anterolateral ligament of the knee: back to the future in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Edoardo Bonasia ◽  
Andrea D'Amelio ◽  
Pietro Pellegrino ◽  
Federica Rosso ◽  
Roberto Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Double Bundle ◽  
Anterolateral Ligament ◽  
Rotational Instability ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Double Bundle Acl Reconstruction

Although the importance of the anterolateral stabilizing structures of the knee in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has been recognized since many years, most of orthopedic surgeons do not take into consideration the anterolateral structures when performing an ACL reconstruction. Anatomic single or double bundle ACL reconstruction will improve knee stability, but a small subset of patients may experience some residual anteroposterior and rotational instability. For this reason, some researchers have turned again towards the anterolateral aspect of the knee and specifically the anterolateral ligament. The goal of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the anterolateral ligament of the knee, including anatomy, histology, biomechanics and imaging. In addition, the most common anterolateral reconstruction/tenodesis techniques are described together with their respective clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Effects of a Prophylactic Knee Sleeve on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Loading During Sport-Specific Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Paul J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Musculoskeletal Modeling ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Load Rate ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
3D Motion Capture

Context: Prophylactic knee bracing is extensively utilized in athletic populations to reduce the high risk from knee injuries, but its role in the attenuation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) pathologies is not well understood. Objective: The aim of this investigation was to explore the effects of a prophylactic knee sleeve on ACL loading parameters linked to the etiology of injury in recreational athletes. Setting: Laboratory. Design: Repeated measures. Participants: Thirteen healthy male recreational athletes. Intervention: Participants performed run, cut, and single-leg hop movements under 2 conditions; prophylactic knee sleeve and no sleeve. Main Outcome Measures: Biomechanical data were captured using an 8-camera 3D motion capture system and a force platform. Peak ACL force, average ACL load rate, and instantaneous ACL load rate were quantified using a musculoskeletal modeling approach. Results: The results showed that both average and instantaneous ACL load rates were significantly reduced when wearing the knee sleeve in the hop (sleeve = 612.45/1286.39 N/kg/s and no sleeve = 743.91/1471.42 N/kg/s) and cut (sleeve = 222.55/1058.02 N/kg/s and no sleeve = 377.38/1183.01 N/kg/s) movements. Conclusions: Given the biomechanical association between ACL loading and the etiology of ACL injuries, it is proposed that athletes may be able to attenuate their risk from injury during cut and hop movements through utilization of a prophylactic knee sleeve.

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