scholarly journals Perceptions. The Unbuilt Synagogue in Buda through Controversial Architectural Tenders (1912–1914)

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Éva Lovra
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Do So

The unbuilt synagogue in Buda is an almost forgotten chapter in Hungarian architectural history which drew great attention between 1911 and 1914. It was discussed extensively by the contemporary press in the early 20th century and by architects in the Hungarian capital of Austria–Hungary. Between 1912 and 1914 three tenders for the design of the synagogue of Buda were announced, with the participation of well-known (synagogue) architects of Hungary, who represented the diverse architectural styles of the period. The efforts to build the synagogue, including the three failed tenders, the 30 competition designs and the opinions of contemporaries raised, and continue to raise, many provocative questions. The present study is based on the analysis of the designs submitted and criticisms published in official architecture magazines between 1912 and 1914, but not yet studied and published elsewhere. Through these, the study showcases the controversial architectural decisions that could have changed the appearance of a neighbourhood but failed to do so. The study puts the townscape of Széll Kálmán Square in Buda in a new context, revealing another layer of architecture, urban design and architectural-sociology and perception of the capital’s synagogue on the eve of World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

2. Origins

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-29
Author(s):  
Dan Stone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
South West Africa

‘Origins’ traces the concentration camp’s origins in 19th- and early 20th-century colonial settings in Australia, the United States, Cuba, South Africa, and German South-West Africa (today Namibia), and in the Armenian genocide at the end of the Ottoman Empire. By studying the early concentration camps, we can understand how and why the camps emerged when they did, and clarify the links and differences between them and the fascist and communist concentration camps of the mid-20th century. European racism, military culture, more rapid forms of communication, and increasingly available print media all contributed to the global diffusion of concentration camp concept, which by the end of World War I became accepted as a technique of rule.

Holst – Astrology and Modernism in ‘The Planets’

Tempo ◽  
1993 ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Head
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
British Music ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Movement

The subject of modernism in early 20th-century British music is rarely examined: partly because it is often thought that British composers were not interested in the Modern Movement before World War I, and partly because in discussing Modernism (a convenient umbrella term for the whole cultural avant-garde whose components included Expressionism, Futurism, Primitivism and Surrealism) one must be prepared to engage subjects which, in this country, are normally considered Verboten. There is no doubt, for instance, that the development of the Modern Movement on the Continent was partly inspired by a widespread awareness of Theosophy, and the interest, which it encouraged, in such esoteric areas as Indian philosophy and astrology. In this article I want to look at this aspect of Modernism in relation to Gustav Hoist, and especially in The Planets (1914–16): his, and British music's, first striking testament to the Modernist outlook. The very bases of this work are Hoist's understanding of astrology, his friendships of the time, and his Theosophical upbringing.

scholarly journals «Sogno un ultimo viaggio ispanico». Seven Letters by Arturo Farinelli to Eugeni d’Ors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Suppa
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
World War ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Ideological Assumptions

Italian scholar Arturo Farinelli was strongly connected with Catalonia and Spain’s cultural environment. In early 20th century, he met young Catalan philosopher Eugeni d’Ors and, despite their opposed aesthetical and ideological positions, the two became friends and started an epistolary relationship attested by seven letters of Arturo Farinelli, sent between 1920 and 1943 and located in the Arxiu National de Catalunya. During World War I, both intellectuals defended neutrality, but moving from antithetical ideological assumptions, such as a humanistic internationalism in the case of Farinelli, and European imperialism promoted by Ors. Differences between them lie also in their aesthetic judgements about Baroque and Romanticism.

RECORDING WORLD WARS

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-807
Author(s):  
miriam cooke
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Wilfred Owen

World War I inspired countless artists, poets, novelists, and even soldiers across the world to record their unimaginable experiences and to reject the millennial lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori (it is sweet and appropriate to die for one's country). Early 20th-century European writers like Wilfred Owen, Virginia Woolf, Erich Maria Remarque, and Henri Barbusse have become household names. Less well known are the Arab civilians and soldier writers who struggled on the edges of the war's fronts.

scholarly journals Specifics of Service in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Office of the State Bank in the Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 478-492
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Morozan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Difficult Situations

The article discusses specific features of service in the archive of the deposits department of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank in the early 20th century. The author reviews labor conditions and wages of archive employees. The documents storage in the deposit department was one of the largest of all such institutions in the extensive network of branches of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank. Specific operational activities of the deposits department necessitated storing considerable volume of documents in their archive. Servicing a large clientele, who could deposit or withdraw capital at any date, required from archivists much effort no just to safeguard bank documents, but also to issue numerous account statements for various private and state institutions, as well as residents of the capital and its environs, whenever the deposit department employees demanded them. For timely provision of the necessary information on accounts to the bank officials, the archive employees listed information on each client, creating a unique database. Most painstaking was their work on compilation of the so-called “movable alphabet,” index of 1.5 million cards for all clients of the St. Petersburg office (by the end of 1917). Systematization of documents and maintaining of the archive also demanded much effort. Quite often the archive employees lacked time, and thus a significant amount of random unfilled documents accumulated over time. The article discusses ways to overcome these difficult situations, for instance, by outsourcing. The article provides some information on the archive officials, their wages, bank vacation/leave policies. It is noteworthy that in the days of World War I the archive began employing women, most often wives of bookbinders called for military service. The experiment was extremely successful. The State Bank highly appreciated their professional qualities and willingly hired women, when there was a vacancy.

Hulme, Thomas Ernest (1883–1917)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Hadjiyannis
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Abstract Art ◽  
Henri Bergson ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
English Poet ◽  
Liberal Humanism ◽  
Wilhelm Worringer

T. E. Hulme was an influential early 20th-century English poet and thinker. Credited by T. S. Eliot in 1924 as the "forerunner of a new attitude of mind," Hulme is understood to have played a formative part in the development of the Imagist doctrine. He was an early advocate of the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859–1941), a spokesperson for modern abstract art, and was responsible for introducing into the British intellectual scene the ideas of Gustave Kahn (1859–1936), Pierre Lasserre (1867–1930), Wilhelm Worringer (1881–1965), and Georges Sorel (1847–1922), among others. Hulme was very critical of liberal humanism and described himself as a "Tory by disposition." When World War I broke out in 1914, Hulme firmly supported Britain’s decision to declare war against Germany.

2. Sex, suffrage, and scandal

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten E. Shepherd-Barr
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Verse Drama ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
One Act

‘Sex, suffrage, and scandal’ gives a sense of the turbulence and experimentation marking the drama across Europe and America in the early 20th century. There was no single tendency, as this was one of the most vibrant and varied periods of modern drama. The radically different expressionist theatre of Strindberg’s A Dream Play (1901) is discussed alongside the ‘intimate theatre’ or ‘art theatre’ movement and the Stanislavski acting revolution. The emphasis of repertory and ensemble acting; the Irish dramatic movement; the return of verse drama through Yeats, Synge, and Galsworthy; the one-act play; the impact of World War I; and theatre censorship are also considered.

scholarly journals Multiple racial futures: Spatio-temporalities of race during World War I

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Olund
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Training Camp ◽  
Complex Topology ◽  
War Effort

Using the example of the WWI-US Commission on Training Camp Activities, I argue that racialized biopolitical projects entail multiple, specific spatio-temporalities that seek to enact different racial futures within and between racial categories. What I call “victorious whiteness”, “infinite whiteness” and “static blackness” assembled by the Commission on Training Camp Activities, and an “advancing blackness” pursued by black elites in opposition, interacted in a complex topology of early 20th-century efforts to protect trainee soldiers from venereal disease, and efforts to prevent racial violence, both of which endangered the war effort and thus the future of the white nation. This counters a tendency in much current literature on racial biopolitics to assert a stark binary between and homogeneity within the facilitation of white futurity and black risk failure within individual biopolitical projects.

Hajj and the chaos of the Great War: Pilgrims of the Dutch East Indies in World War I (1914-1918)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Frial Ramadhan Supratman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
Trade Study ◽  
The Impact

The outbreak of World War 1 in 1914 had a major effect on global interactions during the early 20th century. Travel from one country to another to conduct trade, study, research, and religious pilgrimages become disrupted. Hajj (pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca) is one of the areas affected by the outbreak of this great war. The number of pilgrims from the Dutch East Indies dropped dramatically. Hajj ships also ceased operations. Besides, many Dutch East Indies pilgrims in Mecca were unable to return home and suffered life misery during World War I. This article investigates the impact of World War I (1914-1918) on Dutch East Indies pilgrims. The purpose of this article is to find out how Dutch East Indies Muslims responded to hajj during World War I. In this study, the researcher used historical methods that emphasised the exploration of the sources of Early 20th century Malay and Dutch newspapers. The researcher argues that in line with the events of World War I, the Dutch colonial government still intervened against religious practices in the Dutch East Indies, especially the hajj, thus worsening the situation of the Dutch East Indies pilgrims in Mecca. Opponents of this policy, such as R.A.A. Djajadiningrat, Hasan Mustapa, Cokroaminoto, Tafsir Anom, and Rinkes, formed the Hajj Assistance Committee to help pilgrims return to the Dutch East Indies.

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