scholarly journals Exposure to PM4 in Homes with Tobacco Smoke in and around Katowice, Poland

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1590
Author(s):  
Józef S. Pastuszka ◽  
Ewa Talik ◽  
Justyna Płoszaj-Pyrek
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Emission ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Particulate Surface

The results of a PM4 (airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 4 µm) study in Katowice and in the surrounding area in homes with and without environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are presented. It was found that the average concentration of PM4 inside the homes with ETS was between 126 µg m−3 (in Jaworzno) and 208 µg m−3 (in Katowice)—significantly higher than in the homes without smokers (55–65 µg m−3). The mean of the indoor to outdoor ratios (I/O) for PM4 varied greatly, ranging from 0.6 in the apartments without smokers in Katowice to 5.2 in the homes with smokers in Jaworzno. The highly polluted by ETS indoor air causes children aged 14–15 living in these homes to inhale from 2.5 to 6.6 mg of PM4 more per day than their peers living in non-ETS homes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the surface chemical composition of the studied indoor airborne particles. Carbon, including elemental carbon, and oxygen-containing species dominated the particulate surface, with traces of Si, N, S, Na, Al, Zn, and K present. The surface layer of PM4 from the homes with ETS contains significantly more carbon and less oxygen than the airborne particles collected in the homes without smokers, which can be explained by the high emission of carbon during tobacco smoking.

A highly active K/Cu-Mn-O catalyst for the removal of nitric oxide in indoor air

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Wang ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Zishu Sun ◽  
Qijun Song
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Metal Nitrates ◽  
Co Precipitation

Nitric oxide is a frequently encountered pollutant in indoor air. It could have a number of harmful effects on human health even at low concentration. Aiming to improve the indoor air quality, an environment-friendly method was developed for the elimination of nitric oxide at ppm level based on a low temperature effective catalyst potassium-doped copper–manganese oxide (K/Cu-Mn-O). The catalyst was obtained through a co-precipitation method using metal nitrates in aqueous solution and the precipitate was calcinated at 400℃ for 5 h. After impregnation with K, the best catalytic activity was observed for the K/Cu-Mn-O catalyst with a Cu/Mn ratio of 1:2 and surface concentration of doping K 7.03% (7.4 mg/g). The composition and the structure of the catalyst were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. The results showed that the potassium doping improved the adsorption ability of catalyst, and promoted the formation of the nitrate salt, and thereby further improved the elimination rate of nitric oxide. Finally, the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Pd/SiO2 Inorganic–Organic Composite Membrane Calcined Under N2 Atmosphere: Thermal Stability and H2/CO2 Separation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 3210-3217
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Wang-Qing Fan ◽  
Ruihua Mu ◽  
Yamei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
N2 Atmosphere ◽  
Bet Specific Surface Area ◽  
The Mean

A novel Pd/SiO2 inorganic–organic composite material was developed for the selective separation of H2 from a mixture of H2 and CO2. Its thermal stability and microstructure calcined under N2 atmosphere were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 sorption–desorption measurements. Pd element in Pd/SiO2 gel material exists in PdCl2 form, calcination at 350 °C can result in the complete transformation of Pd2+ to metallic Pd0. With the increase of calcination temperature, the hydrophobic Si–CH3 bands decreased in intensity. The residue of Pd/SiO2 material calcined at 800 °C was mainly composed of Si–O–Si, metallic Pd0, CSi4 and some elemental C0. The mean pore size, BET specific surface area and total pore volume of the as-prepared Pd/SiO2 material calcined at 350 °C was about 2.26 nm, 417.35 m2 g−1 and 0.288 m3 g−1, respectively. The mean H2 and CO2 permeances of the corresponding Pd/SiO2 membrane were 9.90×10−6 and 9.10×10−7 mol m−2 Pa−1 s−1, respectively, when operating at 200 °C and a pressure difference of 0.3 MPa. After the steam exposure at 200 °C for 168 h, the H2 permeance decreased by 3.23% while the H2/CO2 permselectivity increased by 2.50%.

Investigation of Winter Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Downtown Katowice using XPS and SEM

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wawroś ◽  
E. Talik ◽  
J.S. Pastuszka
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Particulate Surface

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the surface chemical composition of atmospheric particles (PM-10 and PM-2.5), collected in downtown Katowice, Upper Silesia, Poland, in the winter season (November and December 2000). Carbon- and oxygen-containing species dominated the particulate surface with traces of N, S, Si, Cl, Na, Zn, Al, Cu, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Pb, and P present. Additionally, the size, morphology, and chemical composition of about 300 of the individual atmospheric particles were analyzed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. A number of aluminosilicates and metallic elements such as Fe, K, Mg, Zn, as well as rare earth elements, were detected by SEM. The results obtained show that the analyzed aerosol is of natural and anthropogenic origin. Particles containing sulfur compounds as well as oxygen and sodium in downtown Katowice come mainly from the east and southeast sectors.

scholarly journals Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Dilonardo ◽  
Michele Penza ◽  
Marco Alvisi ◽  
Gennaro Cassano ◽  
Cinzia Di Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Zno Nanorods ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Pd Nanoparticles ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Molecule ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chemiresistive Gas Sensors

Pristine and electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) were proposed as active sensing layers in chemiresistive gas sensors for hydrocarbon (HC) gas detection (e.g., CH4, C3H8, C4H10). The presence of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of ZnO NRs, obtained after the thermal treatment at 550 °C, was revealed by morphological and surface chemical analyses, using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of the Pd catalyst on the performance of the ZnO-based gas sensor was evaluated by comparing the sensing results with those of pristine ZnO NRs, at an operating temperature of 300 °C and for various HC gas concentrations in the range of 30–1000 ppm. The Pd-modified ZnO NRs showed a higher selectivity and sensitivity compared to pristine ZnO NRs. The mean sensitivity of Pd-modified ZnO NRs towards the analyzed HCs gases increased with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the target gas molecule. Finally, the evaluation of the selectivity revealed that the presence or the absence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO NRs improves the selectivity in the detection of specific HCs gaseous molecules.

Synthesis, Characterization and Fluorescent Properties of Complex Fluoride BaNiF4: Ce3+

2012 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Hai Yan Tian ◽  
Hai Yun Shen ◽  
Qiu Hua Yang ◽  
Xue Juan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fluorescent Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complex Fluoride ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Particle Diameter ◽  
Luminescent Spectrum

The complex fluoride BaNiF4:Ce3+ was synthesized by reflux method using ethylene glycol as reaction solvent at its boiling point temperature. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the mean particle diameter of BaNiF4:Ce3+ was 53.8 nm. Only adsorption oxygen (α oxygen) existed on the surface of BaNiF4: Ce3+ and the content of surface oxygen was ≤5%. The maximum emission peak of BaNiF4:Ce3+ was 350 nm in its luminescent spectrum, and emission band of Ce3+ belonged to 5d→4f transition.

The Influence of C2H2 Flow Rate on the Composition, Structural and Properties of the Ni/α-C:H Films Deposited by FCVA

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 1132-1139
Author(s):  
Han Zhou ◽  
Qing Yan Hou ◽  
Tian Qing Xiao ◽  
Bin Liao ◽  
Xian Ying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Vacuum Arc ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc ◽  
Carbon Nanocomposite

Nickel/carbon nanocomposite films with different C2H2 flow rate were deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) device. The composition and nanostructure of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grain size increase from 8.7 nm at the C2H2 flow rate of 10 sccm to the maximum of 11.5 nm at 30 sccm, after that it decrease. The mean phase separation is in the range of 0.2-2.6 nm. The hardness of 21.6 Gpa was obtained at 50sccm.

Isomorphous replacement in electron diffraction of wet crystals of rat hemoglobin

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
William F. Tivol ◽  
Murray Vernon King ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Heavy Atom ◽  
Isomorphous Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isomorphous Replacement ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Diffraction Structure ◽  
The Mean

Feasibility of isomorphous substitution in electron diffraction is supported by a calculation of the mean alteration of the electron-diffraction structure factors for hemoglobin crystals caused by substituting two mercury atoms per molecule, following Green, Ingram & Perutz, but with allowance for the proportionality of f to Z3/4 for electron diffraction. This yields a mean net change in F of 12.5%, as contrasted with 22.8% for x-ray diffraction.Use of the hydration chamber in electron diffraction opens prospects for examining many proteins that yield only very thin crystals not suitable for x-ray diffraction. Examination in the wet state avoids treatments that could cause translocation of the heavy-atom labels or distortion of the crystal. Combined with low-fluence techniques, it enables study of the protein in a state as close to native as possible.We have undertaken a study of crystals of rat hemoglobin by electron diffraction in the wet state. Rat hemoglobin offers a certain advantage for hydration-chamber work over other hemoglobins in that it can be crystallized from distilled water instead of salt solutions.

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