Individual Differences in the Post-Illumination Pupil Response to Blue Light: Assessment without Mydriatics

AbstractPurposeTo measure the pupil response to pulses of melanopsin-directed contrast, and compare this response to those evoked by cone-directed contrast and spectrally-narrowband stimuli.Methods3-second unipolar pulses were used to elicit pupil responses in human subjects across 3 sessions. Thirty subjects were studied in Session 1, and most returned for Sessions 2 and 3. The stimuli of primary interest were “silent substitution” cone‐ and melanopsin-directed modulations. Red and blue narrowband pulses delivered using the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) paradigm were also studied. Sessions 1 and 2 were identical, while Session 3 involved modulations around higher radiance backgrounds. The pupil responses were fit by a model whose parameters described response amplitude and temporal shape.ResultsGroup average pupil responses for all stimuli overlapped extensively across Sessions 1 and 2, indicating high reproducibility. Model fits indicate that the response to melanopsin-directed contrast is prolonged relative to that elicited by cone-directed contrast. The group average cone‐ and melanopsin-directed pupil responses from Session 3 were highly similar to those from Sessions 1 and 2, suggesting that these responses are insensitive to background radiance over the range studied. The increase in radiance enhanced persistent pupil constriction to blue light.ConclusionsThe group average pupil response to stimuli designed through silent substitution provides a reliable probe of the function of a melanopsin-mediated system in humans. As disruption of the melanopsin system may relate to clinical pathology, the reproducibility of response suggests that silent substitution pupillometry can test if melanopsin signals differ between clinical groups.

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Regulation of evidence accumulation by pupil-linked arousal processes

10.1101/309526 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Waitsang Keung ◽

Todd A. Hagen ◽

Robert C. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Large Body ◽

Order Effects ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Perceptual Decision Making ◽

Pupil Response ◽

Evidence Accumulation ◽

Integration Kernel ◽

Over Time

AbstractIntegrating evidence over time is crucial for effective decision making. For simple perceptual decisions, a large body of work suggests that humans and animals are capable of integrating evidence over time fairly well, but that their performance is far from optimal. This suboptimality is thought to arise from a number of different sources including: (1) noise in sensory and motor systems, (2) unequal weighting of evidence over time, (3) order effects from previous trials and (4) irrational side biases for one choice over another. In this work we investigated these di.erent sources of suboptimality and how they are related to pupil dilation, a putative correlate of norepinephrine tone. In particular, we measured pupil response in humans making a series of decisions based on rapidly-presented auditory information in an evidence accumulation task. We found that people exhibited all four types of suboptimality, and that some of these suboptimalities covaried with each other across participants. Pupillometry showed that only noise and the uneven weighting of evidence over time, the ‘integration kernel’, were related to the change in pupil response during the stimulus. Moreover, these two different suboptimalities were related to different aspects of the pupil signal, with the individual differences in pupil response associated with individual differences in integration kernel, while trial-by-trial fluctuations in pupil response were associated with trial-by-trial fluctuations in noise. These results suggest that di.erent sources of suboptimality in human perceptual decision making are related to distinct pupil-linked processes possibly related to tonic and phasic norepinephrine activity.

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Blue light effect on EEG activity – The role of exposure timing and chronotype

Lighting Research and Technology ◽

10.1177/1477153519876969 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 472-484

Author(s):

P Siemiginowska ◽

I Iskra-Golec

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Blue Light ◽

White Light ◽

Spectral Power ◽

Young Male ◽

Light Conditions ◽

Light Effect ◽

Eeg Activity ◽

Mixed Analysis

There is growing evidence for monochromatic blue light effects. However, the role of individual differences in it has not yet been explored. The aim of this experiment was to examine whether chronotype could moderate the monochromatic blue light effect on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity with regard to the timing of exposure. The participants were 30 young male volunteers. A within-subjects counterbalanced design was applied. There were two light conditions comparable in luminance: Monochromatic blue light of 460 nm and polychromatic white light of 6.5 lux. EEG measurements were taken after 4 hours of exposure in the morning, afternoon, and evening. EEG spectral power was categorized into five frequency ranges: delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, and beta. Chronotypes were assessed by the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. A mixed analysis of variance was applied. Significant interactions between chronotype, light conditions, and the time of the day were found in theta and alpha1 bands after exposure to monochromatic blue light. These preliminary results indicated that in morning-oriented types the spectral power of theta and alpha1 EEG bands was higher in monochromatic blue light when compared to polychromatic white light in the afternoon hours than in the morning or the evening hours. These results may indicate a decrease in alertness in monochromatic blue light in the afternoon hours in morning-oriented types. This could point to the moderating role of individual differences in the monochromatic blue light effect.

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Resting and functional pupil response metrics indicate features of reward sensitivity and Autism Spectrum Disorder in children

10.1101/2020.01.24.20018648 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antoinette Sabatino DiCriscio ◽

Vanessa Troiani

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Reward System ◽

Parent Report ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Reward Sensitivity ◽

System Function ◽

Pupil Response ◽

The Social ◽

Reward Responsivity ◽

Clinically Significant

ABSTRACTAltered motivational drives and aberrant reward system function may contribute to the social impairments observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pupil metrics have been highlighted as peripheral indicators of autonomic arousal and reward system function, specifically noradrenergic and dopaminergic activity that influence motivational drive states. However, research on individual differences in the neurobiological correlates of reward responsivity and clinically relevant features associated with ASD is sparse. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between measures of sensitivity to punishment and reward, ASD features, and resting as well as functional pupil response metrics across a clinically heterogeneous pediatric sample. We assessed whether quantitative features of reward sensitivity are linearly related to core clinical features of ASD. Pupil metrics were measured using a passive eye tracking task. Scores on a parent-report measure of punishment and reward sensitivity were found to be positively correlated with ASD features. Given these relationships, we assessed whether pupil measurements could be used as a neurobiological correlate of reward sensitivity and predictor of clinically significant ASD traits. In a logistic regression model, we find that the amplitude of pupil dilation, along with sex and full-scale IQ, could be used to correctly classify 84.9% of participants as having an ASD diagnosis versus not having an ASD diagnosis. This research highlights individual differences of reward sensitivity that scale with ASD features. Furthermore, reported results emphasize that functional pupil response metrics and other objective patient-level variables can be used together as predictors of ASD diagnostic status.

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Post-illumination pupil response after blue light: Reliability of optimized melanopsin-based phototransduction assessment

Experimental Eye Research ◽

10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 73-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wisse P. van der Meijden ◽

Bart H.W. te Lindert ◽

Denise Bijlenga ◽

Joris E. Coppens ◽

Germán Gómez-Herrero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Pupil Response

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A Primer on Design and Data Analysis for Cognitive Pupillometry

10.31234/osf.io/j6sdt ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jamie Reilly ◽

Bonnie Zuckerman ◽

Alexandra Kelly

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Historical Evolution ◽

Pupil Response ◽

Human Eye ◽

Open Questions ◽

Common Problems ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Anatomical Constraints

This chapter presents an accessible overview of methodological considerations, open questions, and solutions to common problems encountered conducting a valid and reliable cognitive pupillometry study. Topics include historical evolution of pupillary measurement techniques, parameterization of the human task-evoked (cognitive) pupil response, individual differences, and idiosyncratic anatomical constraints imposed by the human eye.

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The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000523 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽

Rajen A. Anderson ◽

David A. Pizarro

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Variation ◽

Political Ideologies ◽

Economic Beliefs ◽

Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002509 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Peter C. Mundy

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Early Development ◽

Emotional Development ◽

Social Motivation ◽

Social Attention ◽

Social Emotional Development ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Precise Understanding ◽

The Social ◽

History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

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Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Arceneaux

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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