scholarly journals The Effect of Different Concentrations of Halothane Anaesthesia on the Electroencephalograph of Rock Doves (Columba livia)

Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Heidi S. Lehmann ◽  
Ngaio J. Beausoleil ◽  
Kavitha Kongara ◽  
Preet M. Singh ◽  
Gabrielle C. Musk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Halothane Anaesthesia ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Fast Fourier Transformation ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Halothane Concentration

Anaesthetic agents and doses used can significantly impact cerebrocortical responsiveness as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different halothane concentrations on the EEG of Rock Doves using measures of frequency distribution and burst suppression. Eight healthy Rock Doves (Columba livia) were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen, their tracheas intubated and their lungs mechanically ventilated. Five minutes of EEG were recorded at three multiples of minimum anaesthetic concentration (MAC), 1× MAC (1.6%), 1.5× MAC (2.4%) and 2× MAC (3.2%), presented in ascending then descending order. Fast Fourier transformation of the raw EEG record gave the median frequency (F50), spectral edge frequency (F95) and the total power (Ptot). Burst suppression, expressed as inactive compared to active EEG (%), was calculated on a representative two-minute section of the raw EEG. Data were analysed using repeated-measures one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc correction for comparison of 1×, 1.5× and 2× MAC. Three of eight birds demonstrated negligible (<1%) burst suppression. No effect of halothane concentration on burst suppression incidence was seen. A significant decrease in all measured frequency variables (F50, p = 0.04; F95p = 0.02; Ptotp < 0.0001) occurred between 1× and 2× MAC. Halothane anaesthesia at MAC multiples of 1×, 1.5× and 2× in the Rock Dove can be considered suitable where cortical responsiveness is desired.

Electroencephalogram Approximate Entropy Correctly Classifies the Occurrence of Burst Suppression Pattern as Increasing Anesthetic Drug Effect

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörgen Bruhn ◽  
Heiko Röpcke ◽  
Benno Rehberg ◽  
Thomas Bouillon ◽  
Andreas Hoeft
Keyword(s):  
Suppression Ratio ◽  
Drug Effect ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Anesthetic Drug ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge

Background Approximate entropy, a measure of signal complexity and regularity, quantifies electroencephalogram changes during anesthesia. With increasing doses of anesthetics, burst-suppression patterns occur. Because of the high-frequency bursts, spectrally based parameters such as median electroencephalogram frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 do not decrease, incorrectly suggesting lightening of anesthesia. The authors investigated whether the approximate entropy algorithm correctly classifies the occurrence of burst suppression as deepening of anesthesia. Methods Eleven female patients scheduled for elective major surgery were studied. After propofol induction, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane only. Before surgery, the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was varied between 0.6 and 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration. The raw electroencephalogram was continuously recorded and sampled at 128 Hz. Approximate entropy, electroencephalogram median frequency, spectral edge frequency 95, burst-suppression ratio, and burst-compensated spectral edge frequency 95 were calculated offline from 8-s epochs. The relation between burst-suppression ratio and approximate entropy, electroencephalogram median frequency, spectral edge frequency 95, and burst-compensated spectral edge frequency 95 was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Higher isoflurane concentrations were associated with higher burst-suppression ratios. Electroencephalogram median frequency (r = 0.34) and spectral edge frequency 95 (r = 0.29) increased, approximate entropy (r = -0.94) and burst-compensated spectral edge frequency 95 (r = -0.88) decreased with increasing burst-suppression ratio. Conclusion Electroencephalogram approximate entropy, but not electroencephalogram median frequency or spectral edge frequency 95 without burst compensation, correctly classifies the occurrence of burst-suppression pattern as increasing anesthetic drug effect.

scholarly journals Post-natal development of EEG responses to noxious stimulation in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1–15 days

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Kells ◽  
NJ Beausoleil ◽  
MA Sutherland ◽  
CB Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Nociceptive Response ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Tail Docking

This study examined electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of acute nociception in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 days, post-natal. Ten pigs per age were anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen and maintained at a light plane of anaesthesia. EEG was recorded bilaterally using a five-electrode montage. Following a 10-min baseline period, tails were docked using side-cutter pliers and recording continued for a further 5 min. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT) of the EEG were used to assess nociception. Tail-docking at one day of age induced no significant changes in the EEG spectrum. A typical nociceptive response, characterised by an increase in F50 and decrease in PTOT, was evident at ten days of age, with five and seven day old pigs exhibiting responses in either F50 or PTOT only. Pooling of data into ≤ 7 days of age and > 7 days of age revealed F50 was higher overall in the older group. Whilst PTOT decreased after docking in both groups, this response was larger and more prolonged in the older group. F95 increased after docking in the older pigs only. Overall, these data provide evidence of an increase in cortical responsiveness to noxious stimulation with increasing post-natal age, suggesting there may be qualitative differences in pain perception between age groups. Further, the data provide some support for current recommendations that tail-docking and other painful husbandry procedures be performed within seven days of birth in order to minimise their impact on animal welfare.

scholarly journals Concentration–Effect Relations, Prediction Probabilities (Pk), and Signal-to-noise Ratios of Different Electroencephalographic Parameters during Administration of Desflurane, Isoflurane, and Sevoflurane in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Ihmsen ◽  
Michael Schywalsky ◽  
Regina Plettke ◽  
Michael Priller ◽  
Florian Walz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Concentration Effect ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge ◽  
Anesthetic Effect ◽  
Prediction Probability

Background The authors investigated the suitability of different electroencephalographic parameters to quantify the anesthetic effect of desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in rats. Methods Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized in a randomized crossover design with maximum values of 11% desflurane, 2.1% isoflurane, and 3.5% sevoflurane. The electroencephalogram was recorded with implanted electrodes and a wireless telemetry system. Concentration-effect relations and signal-to-noise ratios were determined for the approximate entropy and for the median frequency and the spectral edge frequency, which were modified to account for spikes and burst suppression. The prediction probability Pk with respect to the response to a painful stimulus was determined. Results All drugs produced deep anesthesia with burst suppression and no response at the highest concentrations. The occurrence of spikes and burst suppression made a modification of median frequency and spectral edge frequency necessary to obtain Pk values greater than 0.5 and monotonic sigmoid concentration-effect relations. The Pk values were between 0.89 and 0.98, with significantly higher values for modified median frequency and spectral edge frequency during desflurane and sevoflurane. The signal-to-noise ratios were between 3.0 and 6.4 dB, with significantly better values for modified spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy during sevoflurane. Conclusions If modified for spikes and burst suppression, median frequency and spectral edge frequency as well as the unmodified approximate entropy were able to assess the anesthetic effect of desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in rats. For sevoflurane, the modified spectral edge frequency was best with regard to signal-to-noise ratio and prediction probability.

scholarly journals Effects of Slaughter Positions on Catecholamine, Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle Restrained Using a Modified Mark IV Box

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1979
Author(s):  
Jurhamid Columbres Imlan ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
Yong-Meng Goh ◽  
Zulkifli Idrus ◽  
Elmutaz Atta Awad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Delta Waves ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

The proper slaughter positioning of animals is among the most crucial factors in animal welfare. The lateral position in Halal slaughter is a technique used around the world by Muslims, with a few practicing the upright position. The literature on the effects of slaughter in upright versus lateral positions on pain and stress is scarce. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of slaughter positions on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were subjected to slaughter in either lateral recumbency (LP) (n = 10) or an upright position (UP) (n = 10). There was a significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001) and noradrenaline (p < 0.05) at T2 compared to T1 in the animals of both groups. A significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed in the median frequency (MF) and total power (Ptot) of EEG, parameters for pain and stress, between the animals slaughtered in the upright and the lateral position. However, MF and delta waves were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after slaughter in the UP group than in the LP group. The results demonstrate a lesser amount of stress and pain responses among the LP group.

Social isolation of goats: significance of visual contact with conspecifics on behavioral and physiological responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govind Kannan ◽  
Zaira M Estrada-Reyes ◽  
Phaneendra Batchu ◽  
Brou Kouakou ◽  
Thomas H Terrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Rank Score

Abstract Social isolation can increase distress in goats, particularly when they cannot maintain visual contact with conspecifics. This experiment was conducted to determine the behavioral and physiological responses in goats during isolation with or without visual contact with conspecifics. Male Spanish goats (uncastrated, 8-mo old, average weight 29.4 ± 0.59 kg) were randomly assigned to a control (CO) group with no isolation or to one of four isolation treatment (TRT) pens (1.5 × 1.5 m) with: (1) open grill panels but with no visual contact with conspecifics (IO), (2) covered grill to prevent visual contact (IC), (3) open grill with visual contact (IV), or (3) covered grill with a 30 × 30 cm window to allow visual contact (IW) for 90 min of social isolation (n = 12 goats/TRT). Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min (Time) from isolated and control goats. The experiment was repeated one week later using the same animals, with each goat being subjected to the same isolation treatment the second time to study the effect of prior exposure to isolation. Friedman’s Two-Way ANOVA by Ranks Test in SAS showed that the median frequency of vocalization (rank score) in goats was high in IO group, low in IV and IW groups, and intermediate in IC group (P &lt; 0.01). Vocalization rank score was also higher (P &lt; 0.01) during the first 30 min of isolation in goats. Median frequency of visual contact was higher in the IW group than in the IV group (P &lt; 0.01). Frequency of climbing behavior was high in IC and IO groups, low in IV group, and intermediate in IW group (P &lt; 0.01). Repeated Measures Analysis using GLM procedures in SAS revealed that plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations tended (P &lt; 0.1) to be the highest in IO group than in CO, IC, IV, and IW groups. Cortisol levels were also higher (Time; P &lt; 0.05) at 0 and 90 min compared to 30 and 60 min. Norepinephrine concentrations decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with Time, and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were affected by TRT × Time interaction (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, and NEFA concentrations were lower (P &lt; 0.01) and cortisol concentrations and lymphocyte counts higher (P &lt; 0.01) when goats were exposed to isolation the second time. The results showed that goats with no visual contact with conspecifics during social isolation had greater physiological stress responses and spent more time vocalizing or trying to escape the pen, which may indicate distress.

Description and validation of an ECG removal procedure for EMGdi power spectrum analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Levine ◽  
J. Gillen ◽  
P. Weiser ◽  
M. Gillen ◽  
E. Kwatny
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Maximum Correlation ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Centroid Frequency ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Correlation Procedure ◽  
Power Standard

We describe a cross-correlation procedure for removing contaminating electrocardiogram (ECG) complexes from the diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi). First, the operator selects ECG templates from the EMGdi signal during expiratory intervals. Second, these templates are used to locate ECG complexes occurring during inspiratory EMGdi activity. Third, at the point of maximum correlation between the template and these ECG complexes, the template is adjusted in size and offset to “match” the ECG complex, and adjustments are determined by the linear regression coefficients. Finally, the modified template is subtracted from the EMGdi signal. To evaluate our method, we compared the power spectral density (PSD) obtained from processing EMGdi signals by our method with those obtained from the EMGdi signal in which ECG complexes had been removed by gating. Our results indicate that PSD obtained by these two different methods shows no statistically significant differences with respect to the following features: centroid frequency, median frequency, total power, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis.

Bispectral index, spectral edge frequency 95%, and median frequency recorded for various concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane in pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 866-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria F. Martin-Cancho ◽  
Juan R. Lima ◽  
Laura Luis ◽  
Veronica Crisostomo ◽  
Luis J. Ezquerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge

Breathing periodicity in intact and carotid body-denervated ponies during normoxia and chronic hypoxia

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1073-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Brown ◽  
H. V. Forster ◽  
A. S. Greene ◽  
T. F. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Chronic Hypoxia ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Fast Fourier Transformation ◽  
Periodic Oscillations ◽  
Carotid Chemoreceptors ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Arterial Po2

Periodic oscillations in pulmonary ventilation (VI), tidal volume (VT), and inspiratory and expiratory times (TI and TE) were studied during normoxia (arterial PO2 = 95 Torr) and 48 h of hypoxia (arterial PO2 = 40–50 Torr) in awake intact (n = 8) and carotid body-denervated (CBD; n = 8) ponies. Periodic oscillations were identified by fast-Fourier transformation of breath-by-breath data and quantitated by determining the power ratio of significant periodic oscillations to total power of data sequence. Periodic oscillations of 0.063–0.500 cycles/breath were observed in all parameters during both normoxia and hypoxia. During normoxia, CBD accentuated periodicity of VT (P < 0.02) and VI (P < 0.01) but did not change TI or TE periodicity (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that carotid chemoreceptors serve to stabilize breathing (i.e., decrease periodicity) during normoxia, conceivably because of their shorter response time compared with that of central chemoreceptors. During certain periods of hypoxia, periodicity of VT and VI was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in intact ponies. The response to hypoxia in CBD ponies was variable, with VI periodicity significantly (P < 0.05) increasing, decreasing, or unchanging. Because some CBD ponies significantly changed their periodicity during hypoxia compared with normoxia, we conclude that carotid chemoreceptors are not requisite for hypoxia-induced changes in periodic breathing. In addition, our observations in both groups of ponies during normoxia and hypoxia suggest that multiple mechanisms may lead to periodic oscillations in breathing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document