scholarly journals Cellular Localization of gdnf in Adult Zebrafish Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Ern David Wong ◽  
Khang Hua ◽  
Simon Monis ◽  
Anwar Norazit ◽  
Suzita Mohd Noor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Zebrafish Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glial

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was initially described as important for dopaminergic neuronal survival and is involved in many other essential functions in the central nervous system. Characterization of GDNF phenotype in mammals is well described; however, studies in non-mammalian vertebrate models are scarce. Here, we characterized the anatomical distribution of gdnf-expressing cells in adult zebrafish brain by means of combined in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed that gdnf was widely dispersed in the brain. gdnf transcripts were co-localized with radial glial cells along the ventricular area of the telencephalon and in the hypothalamus. Interestingly, Sox2 positive cells expressed gdnf in the neuronal layer but not in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon. A subset of GABAergic precursor cells labeled with dlx6a-1.4kbdlx5a/6a: green fluorescence protein (GFP) in the pallium, parvocellular preoptic nucleus, and the anterior and dorsal zones of the periventricular hypothalamus also showed expression with gdnf mRNA. In addition, gdnf signals were detected in subsets of dopaminergic neurons, including those in the ventral diencephalon, similar to what is seen in mammalian brain. Our work extends our knowledge of gdnf action sites and suggests a potential role for gdnf in adult brain neurogenesis and regeneration.

scholarly journals The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde: Parallels Between Neural Stem Cells and Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bakhshinyan ◽  
Neil Savage ◽  
Sabra Khalid Salim ◽  
Chitra Venugopal ◽  
Sheila K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Multipotent Differentiation ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Divergent Behavior ◽  
Genetic Profiles

During embryonic development, radial glial precursor cells give rise to neural lineages, and a small proportion persist in the adult mammalian brain to contribute to long-term neuroplasticity. Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two neurogenic niches of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs in the SVZ are endowed with the defining stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which are maintained by intrinsic cellular programs, and extrinsic cellular and niche-specific interactions. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer, a subpopulation of cells termed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) exhibit similar stem-like properties. While there is an extensive overlap between NSCs and GSCs in function, distinct genetic profiles, transcriptional programs, and external environmental cues influence their divergent behavior. This review highlights the similarities and differences between GSCs and SVZ NSCs in terms of their gene expression, regulatory molecular pathways, niche organization, metabolic programs, and current therapies designed to exploit these differences.

scholarly journals ANO1/TMEM16A regulates process maturation in radial glial cells in the developing brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (25) ◽  
pp. 12494-12499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyu-Sang Hong ◽  
Sung Hoon Lee ◽  
Byeongjun Lee ◽  
Jae Hyouk Choi ◽  
Soo-Jin Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Anoctamin 1 ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are primary progenitor cells in the early developmental stage in the brain that initiate a diverse lineage of differentiated neurons and glia. Radial glial cells (RGCs), a type of neural stem cell in the ventricular zone, are essential for nurturing and delivering new immature neurons to the appropriate cortical target layers. Here we report that Anoctamin 1 (ANO1)/TMEM16A, a Ca2+-activated chloride channel, mediates the Ca2+-dependent process extension of RGCs. ANO1 is highly expressed and functionally active in RGCs of the mouse embryonic ventricular zone. Knockdown of ANO1 suppresses RGC process extension and protrusions, whereas ANO1 overexpression stimulates process extension. Among various trophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activates ANO1, which is required for BDNF-induced process extension in RGCs. More importantly, Ano1-deficient mice exhibited disrupted cortical layers and reduced cortical thickness. We thus conclude that the regulation of RGC process extension by ANO1 contributes to the normal formation of mouse embryonic brain.

scholarly journals Characterization of neurogenic niches in the telencephalon of juvenile and adult sharks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Docampo-Seara ◽  
S Pereira-Guldrís ◽  
N Sánchez-Farías ◽  
S Mazan ◽  
MA Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Neurogenic Niche ◽  
Glial Progenitors ◽  
Multistep Process

AbstractNeurogenesis is a multistep process by which progenitor cells become terminally differentiated neurons. Adult neurogenesis has gathered increasing interest with the aim of developing new cell-based treatments for neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Active sites of adult neurogenesis exist from fish to mammals, although in the adult mammalian brain the number and extension of neurogenic areas is considerably reduced in comparison to non-mammalian vertebrates, and they become mostly reduced to the telencephalon. Much of our understanding in this field is based in studies on mammals and zebrafish, a modern bony fish. The use of the cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus canicula (representative of basal gnathostomes) as a model expands the comparative framework to a species that shows highly neurogenic activity in the adult brain. In this work, we studied the proliferation pattern in the telencephalon of juvenile and adult specimens of S. canicula by using antibodies against the proliferation marker PCNA. We have characterized proliferating niches by using stem cell markers (Sox2), glial markers (GFAP, BLBP and GS), intermediate progenitor cell markers (Dlx2 and Tbr2) and markers for migrating neuroblasts (DCX). Based in the expression pattern of these markers, we demonstrate the existence of different cell subtypes within the PCNA immunoreactive zones including non-glial stem cells, glial progenitors, intermediate progenitor-like cells and migratory neuroblasts, which were widely distributed in the ventricular zone of the pallium, suggesting that the main progenitor types that constitute the neurogenic niche in mammals are already present in cartilaginous fishes.

scholarly journals ATF5 deficiency causes abnormal cortical development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Umemura ◽  
Yasuyuki Kaneko ◽  
Ryoko Tanabe ◽  
Yuji Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Cortical Development ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Migration ◽  
Radial Glial

AbstractActivating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is a member of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)/ATF family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors. We previously reported that ATF5-deficient (ATF5−/−) mice exhibited behavioural abnormalities, including abnormal social interactions, reduced behavioural flexibility, increased anxiety-like behaviours, and hyperactivity in novel environments. ATF5−/− mice may therefore be a useful animal model for psychiatric disorders. ATF5 is highly expressed in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone during cortical development, but its physiological role in higher-order brain structures remains unknown. To investigate the cause of abnormal behaviours exhibited by ATF5−/− mice, we analysed the embryonic cerebral cortex of ATF5−/− mice. The ATF5−/− embryonic cerebral cortex was slightly thinner and had reduced numbers of radial glial cells and neural progenitor cells, compared to a wild-type cerebral cortex. ATF5 deficiency also affected the basal processes of radial glial cells, which serve as a scaffold for radial migration during cortical development. Further, the radial migration of cortical upper layer neurons was impaired in ATF5−/− mice. These results suggest that ATF5 deficiency affects cortical development and radial migration, which may partly contribute to the observed abnormal behaviours.

Radial glial cell-specific ablation in the adult Zebrafish brain

genesis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Shimizu ◽  
Yoko Ito ◽  
Hideomi Tanaka ◽  
Toshio Ohshima
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Radial Glial Cell ◽  
Zebrafish Brain ◽  
Radial Glial

scholarly journals Specification of CNS glia from neural stem cells in the embryonic neuroepithelium

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1489) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Kessaris ◽  
Nigel Pringle ◽  
William D Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Extracellular Signals ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glial

All the neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system are generated from the neuroepithelial cells in the walls of the embryonic neural tube, the ‘embryonic neural stem cells’. The stem cells seem to be equivalent to the so-called ‘radial glial cells’, which for many years had been regarded as a specialized type of glial cell. These radial cells generate different classes of neurons in a position-dependent manner. They then switch to producing glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes). It is not known what drives the neuron–glial switch, although downregulation of pro-neural basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors is one important step. This drives the stem cells from a neurogenic towards a gliogenic mode. The stem cells then choose between developing as oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, of which there might be intrinsically different subclasses. This review focuses on the different extracellular signals and intracellular responses that influence glial generation and the choice between oligodendrocyte and astrocyte fates.

scholarly journals Foxc1 dependent mesenchymal signalling drives embryonic cerebellar growth

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parthiv Haldipur ◽  
Gwendolyn S Gillies ◽  
Olivia K Janson ◽  
Victor V Chizhikov ◽  
Divakar S Mithal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Dandy Walker Malformation ◽  
Radial Glial ◽  
Walker Malformation ◽  
Embryonic Brain Development

Loss of Foxc1 is associated with Dandy-Walker malformation, the most common human cerebellar malformation characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia and an enlarged posterior fossa and fourth ventricle. Although expressed in the mouse posterior fossa mesenchyme, loss of Foxc1 non-autonomously induces a rapid and devastating decrease in embryonic cerebellar ventricular zone radial glial proliferation and concurrent increase in cerebellar neuronal differentiation. Subsequent migration of cerebellar neurons is disrupted, associated with disordered radial glial morphology. In vitro, SDF1α, a direct Foxc1 target also expressed in the head mesenchyme, acts as a cerebellar radial glial mitogen and a chemoattractant for nascent Purkinje cells. Its receptor, Cxcr4, is expressed in cerebellar radial glial cells and conditional Cxcr4 ablation with Nes-Cre mimics the Foxc1−/− cerebellar phenotype. SDF1α also rescues the Foxc1−/− phenotype. Our data emphasizes that the head mesenchyme exerts a considerable influence on early embryonic brain development and its disruption contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.

scholarly journals The Complex Simplicity of the Brittle Star Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zueva ◽  
Maleana Khoury ◽  
Thomas Heinzeller ◽  
Daria Mashanova ◽  
Vladimir Mashanov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Brittle Star ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Radial Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Markers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glial

AbstractBrittle stars (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) have been increasingly used in studies of animal behavior, locomotion, regeneration, physiology, and bioluminescence. The success of these studies directly depends on good working knowledge of ophiuroid nervous system. Here, we describe the arm nervous system at different levels of organization: microanatomy of the radial nerve cord and peripheral nerves, neural ultrastructure, and localization of different cell types using specific antibody markers. We standardize the nomenclature of nerves and ganglia and provide an anatomically accurate digital 3D model of the arm nervous system as a reference for future studies. Our results helped identify several general features characteristic to the adult echinoderm nervous system, including the extensive anatomical interconnections between the ectoneural and hyponeural components and neuroepithelial organization of the central nervous system with its supporting scaffold formed by radial glial cells. In addition, we provide further support to the notion that the echinoderm radial glia is a complex and diverse cell population. We also tested the suitability of a range of specific cell-type markers for studies of the brittle star nervous system and established that the radial glial cells are reliably labeled by the ERG1 antibodies, whereas the best neuronal markers are acetylated tubulin, ELAV and synaptotagmin B. The transcription factor Brn1/2/4, a marker of neuronal progenitors, is expressed not only in neurons, but also in a subpopulation of radial glia. For the first time, we describe putative ophiuroid proprioceptors associated with the hyponeural part of the central nervous system.

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