scholarly journals COVID-19 Immunopathology and the Central Nervous System: Implication for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases with Associated Demyelination

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Kleopatra Boziki ◽  
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis ◽  
Maria Shumilina ◽  
Gleb Makshakov ◽  
Evgeniy Evdoshenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Relevant Implication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Modifying Treatment

In the frame of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, recent reports on SARS-CoV-2 potential neuroinvasion placed neurologists on increased alertness in order to assess early neurological manifestations and their potentially prognostic value for the COVID-19 disease. Moreover, the management of chronic neurological diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), underwent guided modifications, such as an Extended Interval Dose (EID) of Disease-Modifying Treatment (DMT) administration, in order to minimize patients’ exposure to the health system, thus reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize existing evidence of key immune pathways that the SARS-CoV-2 modifies during COVID-19 and the relevant implication for MS and other autoimmune diseases with associated demyelination (such as Systemic lupus erythematosus and Antiphospholipid syndrome), including the context of potential neuroinvasion by SARS-Cov-2 and the alterations that DMT induces to the immune system. Moreover we hereby aim to provide an overview of the possible consequences that COVID-19 may carry for the Central Nervous System (CNS) in People with MS (PwMS) and other demyelinating diseases, which are likely to pose challenges for treating Neurologists with respect to the long-term disease management of these diseases.

Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system

2010 ◽  
pp. 4948-4963
Author(s):  
Siddharthan Chandran ◽  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Clinicians suspect demyelination when episodes reflecting damage to white matter tracts within the central nervous system occur in young adults. The paucity of specific biological markers of discrete demyelinating syndromes places an emphasis on clinical phenotype—temporal and spatial patterns—when classifying demyelinating disorders. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the most common demyelinating disorder, becomes probable when these symptoms and signs recur, involving different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Other important demyelinating diseases include post-infectious neurological disorders (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), demyelination resulting from metabolic derangements (central pontine myelinosis), and inherited leucodystrophies that may present in children or in adults. Accepting differences in mechanism, presentation, and treatment, two observations can usefully be made when classifying demyelinating disorders. These are the presence or absence of inflammation, and the extent of focal vs. diffuse demyelination. Multiple sclerosis is prototypic for the former, whereas dysmyelinating disorders, such as leucodystrophies are representative of the latter....

scholarly journals CD226 Gly307Ser Association With Neuromyelitis Optica in Southern Han Chinese

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Guansan Wang ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Background:Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system with complex pathogeneses. NMO was once considered to be a severe variant of MS. There has been more evidence that a non-synonymous exchange (rs763361/Gly307Ser) in the gene for CD226 is linked to several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no studies have investigated the role of rs763361 in the pathogenesis of NMO.Objectives:The goal of our study is to evaluate the role of CD226 Gly307Ser in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in Southern Han Chinese.Methods:Eight-nine NMO patients, 93 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients, and 122 controls (CTLs) were enrolled. The rs763361 alleles of the subjects were determined by sequencing-based typing.Results:The results strongly support that the TT genotypes are associated with NMO but are not significantly correlated with susceptibility for MS.Conclusions:CD226 Gly307Ser may correlate with risk of NMO in Southern Han Chinese.

scholarly journals Autoimmune diseases associated with inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system – a cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Kohler Seixas ◽  
Marcio da Silva Paz ◽  
Claudia Suemi Kamoi Kay ◽  
Lineu Cesar Werneck ◽  
Paulo José Lorenzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: The most prevalent autoimmune diseases (AID) of the Central Nervous System (CNS) are Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), both being demyelinating diseases. Recent studies show that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases have a higher risk of presenting associated diagnosis of another AIDs. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of autoimmune comorbidities and autoantibodies in patients with MS and NMOSD. Design and setting: Were analyzed the medical records of 126 patients with MS or NMOSD, from the Demyelinating Diseases Outpatient Clinic in the Neurological and Psychiatric Unit in the Complexo Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade Federal do Parana (CHC-UFPR), taking in consideration the presence of AIDs and autoantibodies. Methods: The variables were organized in a Microsoft® Office Excel spreadsheet for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 126 analyzed cases, 111 (88%) corresponded to MS and 15 (12%) to NMOSD. From the total, at least one AID was associated in 11 patients (8.7%), six of which were diagnosed with MS and five with NMOSD (p<0.05). Regarding autoantibodies, there were 21 cases (16.7%) in which antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were present, and 12 cases (9.5%) in which autoantibodies other than ANA were present (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study showed a higher frequency of AIDs in patients with CNS demyelinating diseases compared to the normal population. The results found in this study may contribute to improve the treatment and follow-up of patients with CNS demyelinating diseases, so that the concomitance of other AIDs is considered by the clinician.

scholarly journals New oligodendrocytes exhibit more abundant and accurate myelin regeneration than those that survive demyelination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Neely ◽  
Jill M Williamson ◽  
Anna Klingseisen ◽  
Lida Zoupi ◽  
Jason J Early ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Regeneration of myelin (remyelination) in the central nervous system (CNS) has long been thought to be principally mediated by newly generated oligodendrocytes, a premise underpinning therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have indicated that oligodendrocytes that survive demyelination can also contribute to remyelination, including in MS, but it is unclear how remyelination by surviving oligodendrocytes compares to that of newly generated oligodendrocytes. Here we studied oligodendrocytes in MS, and also imaged remyelination in vivo by surviving and new oligodendrocytes using zebrafish. We define a previously unappreciated pathology in MS, myelination of neuronal cell bodies, which is recapitulated during remyelination by surviving oligodendrocytes in zebrafish. Live imaging also revealed that surviving oligodendrocytes make very few new sheaths, but can support sheath growth along axons. In comparison, newly made oligodendrocytes make abundant new sheaths, properly targeted to axons, and exhibit a much greater capacity for regeneration.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inimioara Cojocaru ◽  
Manole Cojocaru ◽  
Isabela Silosi ◽  
Camelia Vrabie
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rheumatic Conditions

Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic DiseasesPatients with multi-system rheumatic conditions may have a disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Central nervous system manifestations vary according to the location of the lesion and range from focal findings (e.g., stroke-like presentations), although serious neurological complications in rheumatic disease appear to be rare. The most prominent features of neurological involvement in rheumatic diseases include cerebral ischaemia and psychiatric symptoms. Little information is available on the prevalence of neurological disease in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis. Involvement of the CNS may be a striking early or presenting feature with a wide variety of manifestations. There is more clarity about the CNS syndromes attributable to systemic lupus erythematosus and new insights into the central mechanisms involved in the manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Severe CNS involvement is associated with poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. We review the spectrum of neurological diseases in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis.

scholarly journals The Salvinorin Analogue, Ethoxymethyl Ether Salvinorin B, Promotes Remyelination in Preclinical Models of Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly F. Paton ◽  
Katharina Robichon ◽  
Nikki Templeton ◽  
Lisa Denny ◽  
Afnan Al Abadey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Kappa Opioid Receptor ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease associated with demyelination and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. There is an urgent need to develop remyelinating therapies to better treat multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been identified as a potential target for the development of remyelinating therapies; however, prototypical KOR agonists, such as U50,488 have side effects, which limit clinical use. In the current study, we investigated a Salvinorin A analog, ethoxymethyl ether Salvinorin B (EOM SalB) in two preclinical models of demyelination in C57BL/6J mice. We showed that in cellular assays EOM SalB was G-protein biased, an effect often correlated with fewer KOR-mediated side effects. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, we found that EOM SalB (0.1–0.3 mg/kg) effectively decreased disease severity in a KOR-dependent manner and led to a greater number of animals in recovery compared to U50,488 treatment. Furthermore, EOM SalB treatment decreased immune cell infiltration and increased myelin levels in the central nervous system. In the cuprizone-induced demyelination model, we showed that EOM SalB (0.3 mg/kg) administration led to an increase in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, the number of myelinated axons and the myelin thickness in the corpus callosum. Overall, EOM SalB was effective in two preclinical models of multiple sclerosis and demyelination, adding further evidence to show KOR agonists are a promising target for remyelinating therapies.

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