The Impact of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord on Iron and Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism

Background: Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrically modulates the subcortical brain regions. Under conditions of monopolar cerebral stimulation, electrical current flows between electrode’s contacts and an implantable pulse generator, placed in the subclavicular area. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) delivers an electrical current to the spinal cord. Epidural electrical stimulation is associated with the leakage of current, which can cause a generalized reaction. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the electrical stimulation of the cerebrum and spinal cord could have generalized effects on biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 25 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 21) and dystonia (n = 4), who underwent DBS implantation, and 12 patients with chronic pain, who had SCS, received electrical stimulation. The blood levels of selected biochemical parameters were measured before and after overnight stimulation. Results: After DBS, the mean ± interquartile range (IQR) values for iron (off 15.6 ± 13.53 µmol/L; on: 7.65 ± 10.8 µmol/L; p < 0.001), transferrin (off: 2.42 ± 0.88 g/L; on: 1.99 ± 0.59 g/L; p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (off: 23.20 ± 14.50%; on: 10.70 ± 11.35%; p = 0.001), phosphate (off: 1.04 ± 0.2 mmol/L; on: 0.83 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p = 0.007), and total calcium (off: 2.39 ± 0.29 mmol/L; on: 2.27 ± 0.19 mmol/L; p = 0.016) were significantly reduced, whereas ferritin (off: 112.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; on: 150.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (off: 0.90 ± 19.39 mg/L; on: 60.35 ± 35.91 mg/L; p = 0.002) were significantly increased. Among patients with SCS, significant differences were observed for ferritin (off: 35 ± 63 ng/mL; on: 56 ± 62 ng/mL; p = 0.013), transferrin (off: 2.70 ± 0.74 g/L; on: 2.49 ± 0.69 g/L; p = 0.048), and C-reactive protein (off: 31.00 ± 36.40 mg/L; on: 36.60 ± 62.030 mg/L; p = 0.018) before and after electrical stimulation. No significant changes in the examined parameters were observed among patients after thalamotomy and pallidotomy. Conclusions: Leaking electric current delivered to the subcortical nuclei of the brain and the dorsal column of the spinal cord exposes the rest of the body to a negative charge. The generalized reaction is associated with an inflammatory response and altered iron and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Alterations in iron metabolism due to electrical stimulation may impact the course of PD. Future research should investigate the influence of electric current and electromagnetic field induced by neurostimulators on human metabolism.

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Electromyography-Based Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) in Rehabilitation

Data Analytics in Medicine ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1204-3.ch044 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 833-851

Author(s):

Poulami Ghosh ◽

Ankita Mazumder ◽

Anwesha Banerjee ◽

D.N. Tibarewala

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Small Amplitude ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Metabolic Responses ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Cord Injury ◽

The Brain

Loss or impairment in the ability of muscle movement or sensation is called Paralysis which is caused by disruption of communication of nerve impulses along the pathway from the brain to the muscles. One of the principal reasons causing paralysis is Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Neurological rehabilitation by using neuro-prostheses, based on Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is extensively used for its treatment. Impaired muscles are activated by applying small amplitude electrical current. Electromyography (EMG), the recording of biosignals generated by muscle activity during the application of FES can be used as the control signal for FES based rehabilitative devices. This method is predominantly used for restoring upper extremity functioning (wrist, hand, elbow, etc.), standing, walking (speed, pattern) in stroke patients. FES, collaborated with conventional methods, has the potential to be utilized as a useful tool for rehabilitation and restoration of muscle strength, metabolic responses etc. in paralyzed patients.

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The effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord on autonomic reactions in the acute period of rehabilitation after ischemic stroke

10.34014/mpphe.2021-31-33 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Y.Y. Bikbaeva ◽

D.A. Pavlov ◽

A.S. Kuznetsov ◽

E.S. Balykina ◽

I.V. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Nervous System ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Acute Period ◽

Before And After ◽

Parasympathetic Influences ◽

Circulatory Disorders ◽

Stimulation Of

The effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord on the reactions of the autonomic nervous system in patients after acute cerebral circulatory disorders was evaluated. Patients in the acute period of rehabilitation treatment underwent a course of percutaneous electrical stimulation for 10 days. Before and after rehabilitation, vegetative reactions were assessed using an orthoclinostatic test, an A.M.Wein questionnaire, and neurological disorders on the Scandinavian scale. The inclusion of the course of percutaneous electrical stimulation in the program of physical rehabilitation of patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke indicates an improvement in the motor status of patients and a decrease in the imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences Keywords: ischemic stroke, percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, vegetative reactions

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Experimental Nondestructive Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1970.32.5.0553 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 553-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

J. Thomas Mortimer ◽

C. Norman Shealy ◽

Connie Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain ◽

Stimulation Of

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Electromyography-Based Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) in Rehabilitation

Advances in Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering - Biomedical Image Analysis and Mining Techniques for Improved Health Outcomes ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8811-7.ch016 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 337-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Poulami Ghosh ◽

Ankita Mazumder ◽

Anwesha Banerjee ◽

D.N. Tibarewala

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Small Amplitude ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Metabolic Responses ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Cord Injury ◽

The Brain

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Excitability changes in vasomotor areas of the brain stem following D-tubocurarine

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.1.149 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 197 (1) ◽

pp. 149-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Clarence N. Peiss ◽

John W. Manning

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Total Dose ◽

Cardiovascular Responses ◽

Autonomic Ganglia ◽

Pressor Responses ◽

Before And After ◽

Cardiac Slowing ◽

The Brain ◽

Total Elimination ◽

Stimulation Of

Cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation of the medulla and hypothalamus have been studied before and after administration of d-tubocurarine. The drug was administered intravenously (100–150 gamma/kg) intracarotid (100–150 gamma/kg) and by direct microinjection into the medullary vasomotor area (3–15 gamma total dose). The possibility of autonomic ganglia or effector blockade was ruled out. Excitability of the medullary vasomotor area to electrical stimulation was depressed following injection of d-tubocurarine by any of the three routes. Partial to total elimination of pressor responses has been observed, as well as reversal from a pressor to a depressor response. Cardiac slowing resulting from stimulation of the dorsal vagal nucleus is abolished or greatly decreased by intracarotid injection of 150 gamma/kg of d-tubocurarine. Doses of this drug which depress the medulla had relatively little effect on similar cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of the hypothalamus.

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Increased endothelin and creatine kinase after electrical stimulation of paraplegic muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2400 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 2400-2405 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. A. Robergs ◽

O. Appenzeller ◽

C. Qualls ◽

J. Aisenbrey ◽

J. Krauss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Baroreceptor Function ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Before And After ◽

Spinal Cord Injured ◽

Stimulation Of

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in creatine kinase (CK) and endothelin (ET) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) after computerized functional electrical stimulation leg ergometry (CFES LE). Eight subjects (7 male and 1 female) with complete spinal cord lesions (C7 to L1) completed zero-loaded CFES LE tests at baseline, after 3, 6, and 12 wk of CFES LE training (30 min, 3 times/wk), and also after detraining (DT) (n = 5). Venous blood samples were drawn 24, 48, and 72 h after CFES LE for measurement of ET and CK. The CK response was largest (peak CK) 72 h after baseline tests (28.2 +/- 6.0 to 895.7 +/- 345.9 ktals/l) and was no different from baseline by weeks 3, 6, and 12. After DT, CK was similar before and after CFES LE (153.8 +/- 19.0 and 189.7 +/- 34.5 ktals/l, respectively). CFES LE also significantly increased peak ET after baseline (from 11.7 +/- 1.5 to 18.0 +/- 2.5 pg/ml). During the subsequent training, peak ET remained significantly higher than the baseline value at weeks 3, 6, and 12 (20.2 +/- 1.8, 18.0 +/- 1.1, and 16.9 +/- 2.2 pg/ml, respectively). After DT, peak ET increased significant relationship (r = 0.44) existed between ln peak CK activity and peak ET. In summary, the increase in circulating ET in spinal cord-injured individuals may have implications for baroreceptor function and therefore blood pressure control in SCI. Further research into CFES LE, ET, and baroreceptor function in SCI is warranted.

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Maintenance of contractile force of the hind limb muscles by the somato-lumbar sympathetic reflexes

The Journal of Physiological Sciences ◽

10.1186/s12576-021-00799-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Harumi Hotta ◽

Kaori Iimura ◽

Nobuhiro Watanabe ◽

Kazuhiro Shigemoto

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Sympathetic Nerve ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Sympathetic Nerves ◽

Contractile Force ◽

Triceps Surae ◽

Dorsal Roots ◽

Before And After ◽

Stimulation Of

AbstractThis study aimed to clarify whether the reflex excitation of muscle sympathetic nerves induced by contractions of the skeletal muscles modulates their contractility. In anesthetized rats, isometric tetanic contractions of the triceps surae muscles were induced by electrical stimulation of the intact tibial nerve before and after transection of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (LST), spinal cord, or dorsal roots. The amplitude of the tetanic force (TF) was reduced by approximately 10% at 20 min after transection of the LST, spinal cord, or dorsal roots. The recorded postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity from the lumbar gray ramus revealed that both spinal and supraspinal reflexes were induced in response to the contractions. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral end of the LST increased the TF amplitude. Our results indicated that the spinal and supraspinal somato-sympathetic nerve reflexes induced by contractions of the skeletal muscles contribute to the maintenance of their own contractile force.

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Еffects of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in combination with mechanotherapy on changes in systemic and regional hemodynamics

10.34014/mpphe.2021-70-73 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

V.A. Golodnova ◽

S.S. Ananyev ◽

Y.Y. Bikbaeva ◽

M.V. Balykin ◽

I.V. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Peripheral Resistance ◽

Physical Exertion ◽

Cerebral Hemodynamics ◽

Systemic Hemodynamics ◽

Before And After ◽

Regional Hemodynamics ◽

Mechanical Therapy ◽

Stimulation Of

Objective: to evaluate changes in systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and in combination of electrical stimulation with mechanotherapy. Methodology. The subjects underwent percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, the duration of the session was 5 minutes. Mechanotherapy was performed using a treadmill. The subjects performed walking at a power of 25W. for 5 minutes. Hemodynamics was evaluated before and after the electrical stimulation session, as well as before and after the mechanical therapy session on the track in combination with percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. To study systemic and regional hemodynamics, a rheograph-polyanalyzer "REAN-POLY" was used. Results. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord does not lead to significant changes in systemic and cerebral hemodynamics. Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in combination with physical exertion leads to reactive changes in systemic hemodynamics, increased blood filling and venous outflow, against the background of a decrease in peripheral resistance of cerebral vessels. Key words: electrostimulation, percutaneous electrostimulation, mechanotherapy, systemic hemodynamics, regional hemodynamics.

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