Maintenance of contractile force of the hind limb muscles by the somato-lumbar sympathetic reflexes

AbstractThis study aimed to clarify whether the reflex excitation of muscle sympathetic nerves induced by contractions of the skeletal muscles modulates their contractility. In anesthetized rats, isometric tetanic contractions of the triceps surae muscles were induced by electrical stimulation of the intact tibial nerve before and after transection of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (LST), spinal cord, or dorsal roots. The amplitude of the tetanic force (TF) was reduced by approximately 10% at 20 min after transection of the LST, spinal cord, or dorsal roots. The recorded postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity from the lumbar gray ramus revealed that both spinal and supraspinal reflexes were induced in response to the contractions. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral end of the LST increased the TF amplitude. Our results indicated that the spinal and supraspinal somato-sympathetic nerve reflexes induced by contractions of the skeletal muscles contribute to the maintenance of their own contractile force.

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The effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord on autonomic reactions in the acute period of rehabilitation after ischemic stroke

10.34014/mpphe.2021-31-33 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Y.Y. Bikbaeva ◽

D.A. Pavlov ◽

A.S. Kuznetsov ◽

E.S. Balykina ◽

I.V. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Nervous System ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Acute Period ◽

Before And After ◽

Parasympathetic Influences ◽

Circulatory Disorders ◽

Stimulation Of

The effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord on the reactions of the autonomic nervous system in patients after acute cerebral circulatory disorders was evaluated. Patients in the acute period of rehabilitation treatment underwent a course of percutaneous electrical stimulation for 10 days. Before and after rehabilitation, vegetative reactions were assessed using an orthoclinostatic test, an A.M.Wein questionnaire, and neurological disorders on the Scandinavian scale. The inclusion of the course of percutaneous electrical stimulation in the program of physical rehabilitation of patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke indicates an improvement in the motor status of patients and a decrease in the imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences Keywords: ischemic stroke, percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, vegetative reactions

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The Neurological Basis of the Locomotory Rhythm in the Spinal Dogfish (Scyllium Canicula, Acanthias Vulgaris)

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.23.2.162 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 162-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. W. LISSMANN

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Posterior Half ◽

Automatic Activity ◽

Dorsal Roots ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Stimulation Of

Some of the more striking effects of de-afferentation in the spinal dogfish are diagrammatically represented in Fig. 13. 1. The persistent locomotory rhythm of a spinal dogfish depends upon afferent excitation. If all afferent excitation is cut off by severance of all dorsal roots, the rhythm is abolished (Fig. 13, 1). 2. The rhythm clearly emerges when about half the number of all the dorsal roots is transected, irrespective whether the anterior or the posterior half of the animal be de-afferentated (Fig. 13, 2 and 3), or whether complete unilateral de-afferentation is executed (Fig. 13, 4). 3. Extensively de-afferentated preparations may exhibit swimming movements after exteroceptive stimulation. These swimming movements do not persist. 4. Preparations de-afferentated except for the tail exhibit after exteroceptive stimulation a static reflex posture. 5. The de-afferentated musculature takes part in both tonic and rhythmic responses as long as it is connected through the spinal cord with normally innervated musculature. 6. In response to electrical stimulation applied to the cord of a spinal dogfish two distinct types of rhythmic response have been evoked. 7. No rhythmic responses have bee obtained through electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in completely de-afferentated preparations. 8. No evidence has been found in support of the view that the swimming rhythm emanates through a spontaneous, automatic activity from the central nervous system.

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Interstitial norepinephrine concentrations in skeletal muscle of ischemic heart failure

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00231.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (2) ◽

pp. H1190-H1195 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jihong Xing ◽

Satoshi Koba ◽

Valerie Kehoe ◽

Zhaohui Gao ◽

Kristen Rice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Sympathetic Nerve ◽

Sympathetic Nerves ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Hindlimb Muscle ◽

Uptake Studies ◽

Sympathetic Discharge ◽

Stimulation Of

During exercise, sympathetic nerve responses are accentuated in heart failure (HF), and this enhances norepinephrine (NE) release and evokes vasoconstriction. Two key pathophysiological responses could contribute to the greater NE release: 1) increased sympathetic nerve discharge and 2) increased NE in the neurovascular junction for a given level of sympathetic discharge. In this report, we focus on the second of these two general issues and test the following hypotheses: 1) in HF for a given level of sympathetic nerve stimulation, NE concentration in the interstitium (an index of neurovascular NE) would be greater, and 2) the greater interstitial NE concentration would be linked to reduced NE uptake. Studies were performed in rats 8–10 wk after induction of myocardial infarction (MI). Interstitial NE samples were collected from microdialysis probes inserted into the hindlimb muscle. Dialysate concentration of NE was determined by the HPLC method. First, interstitial NE concentration increased during electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic nerves in eight control rats. An increase in interstitial NE concentration was significantly greater in 10 rats with severe MI. Additionally, an NE uptake-1 inhibitor (desipramine, 1 μM) was injected into the arterial blood supply of the muscle in six control and eight MI rats. Desipramine increased interstitial NE concentration by 24% in control and by only 3% ( P < 0.05 vs. control) in MI rats. In conclusion, given levels of electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic nerve lead to higher interstitial NE concentration in HF. This effect is due, in part, to reduced NE uptake-1 in HF.

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The Impact of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord on Iron and Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Paweł Sokal ◽

Milena Świtońska ◽

Sara Kierońska ◽

Marcin Rudaś ◽

Marek Harat

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Electrical Current ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Before And After ◽

The Brain ◽

Calcium Phosphate Metabolism ◽

Iron And Calcium ◽

Stimulation Of

Background: Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrically modulates the subcortical brain regions. Under conditions of monopolar cerebral stimulation, electrical current flows between electrode’s contacts and an implantable pulse generator, placed in the subclavicular area. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) delivers an electrical current to the spinal cord. Epidural electrical stimulation is associated with the leakage of current, which can cause a generalized reaction. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the electrical stimulation of the cerebrum and spinal cord could have generalized effects on biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 25 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 21) and dystonia (n = 4), who underwent DBS implantation, and 12 patients with chronic pain, who had SCS, received electrical stimulation. The blood levels of selected biochemical parameters were measured before and after overnight stimulation. Results: After DBS, the mean ± interquartile range (IQR) values for iron (off 15.6 ± 13.53 µmol/L; on: 7.65 ± 10.8 µmol/L; p < 0.001), transferrin (off: 2.42 ± 0.88 g/L; on: 1.99 ± 0.59 g/L; p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (off: 23.20 ± 14.50%; on: 10.70 ± 11.35%; p = 0.001), phosphate (off: 1.04 ± 0.2 mmol/L; on: 0.83 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p = 0.007), and total calcium (off: 2.39 ± 0.29 mmol/L; on: 2.27 ± 0.19 mmol/L; p = 0.016) were significantly reduced, whereas ferritin (off: 112.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; on: 150.00 ± 89.00 ng/mL; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (off: 0.90 ± 19.39 mg/L; on: 60.35 ± 35.91 mg/L; p = 0.002) were significantly increased. Among patients with SCS, significant differences were observed for ferritin (off: 35 ± 63 ng/mL; on: 56 ± 62 ng/mL; p = 0.013), transferrin (off: 2.70 ± 0.74 g/L; on: 2.49 ± 0.69 g/L; p = 0.048), and C-reactive protein (off: 31.00 ± 36.40 mg/L; on: 36.60 ± 62.030 mg/L; p = 0.018) before and after electrical stimulation. No significant changes in the examined parameters were observed among patients after thalamotomy and pallidotomy. Conclusions: Leaking electric current delivered to the subcortical nuclei of the brain and the dorsal column of the spinal cord exposes the rest of the body to a negative charge. The generalized reaction is associated with an inflammatory response and altered iron and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Alterations in iron metabolism due to electrical stimulation may impact the course of PD. Future research should investigate the influence of electric current and electromagnetic field induced by neurostimulators on human metabolism.

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Increased endothelin and creatine kinase after electrical stimulation of paraplegic muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2400 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 2400-2405 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. A. Robergs ◽

O. Appenzeller ◽

C. Qualls ◽

J. Aisenbrey ◽

J. Krauss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Baroreceptor Function ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Before And After ◽

Spinal Cord Injured ◽

Stimulation Of

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in creatine kinase (CK) and endothelin (ET) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) after computerized functional electrical stimulation leg ergometry (CFES LE). Eight subjects (7 male and 1 female) with complete spinal cord lesions (C7 to L1) completed zero-loaded CFES LE tests at baseline, after 3, 6, and 12 wk of CFES LE training (30 min, 3 times/wk), and also after detraining (DT) (n = 5). Venous blood samples were drawn 24, 48, and 72 h after CFES LE for measurement of ET and CK. The CK response was largest (peak CK) 72 h after baseline tests (28.2 +/- 6.0 to 895.7 +/- 345.9 ktals/l) and was no different from baseline by weeks 3, 6, and 12. After DT, CK was similar before and after CFES LE (153.8 +/- 19.0 and 189.7 +/- 34.5 ktals/l, respectively). CFES LE also significantly increased peak ET after baseline (from 11.7 +/- 1.5 to 18.0 +/- 2.5 pg/ml). During the subsequent training, peak ET remained significantly higher than the baseline value at weeks 3, 6, and 12 (20.2 +/- 1.8, 18.0 +/- 1.1, and 16.9 +/- 2.2 pg/ml, respectively). After DT, peak ET increased significant relationship (r = 0.44) existed between ln peak CK activity and peak ET. In summary, the increase in circulating ET in spinal cord-injured individuals may have implications for baroreceptor function and therefore blood pressure control in SCI. Further research into CFES LE, ET, and baroreceptor function in SCI is warranted.

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Inducing Peripheral Sympathetic Nerve Activity by Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery ◽

10.1177/230949900501300211 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 167-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y Mikami ◽

T Ogura ◽

T Kubo ◽

Y Kira ◽

S Aramaki

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Sympathetic Nerve ◽

Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽

Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽

Sympathetic Nerves ◽

Facilitatory Effect ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Nerve Activity ◽

Cord Injury

Purpose. To examine whether the activity of peripheral sympathetic nerves in animals with spinal cord injury can be controlled using therapeutic electrical stimulation. Methods. The spinal cords of 6 Wistar rats were severed at T12/T13 disk level and were given continuous therapeutic electrical stimulation. Microneurography was used to record sympathetic nerve activity at 24, 48, and 72 hours after severing the spinal cord. Results. Integrated values of muscle sympathetic nerve activity after 72 hours of therapeutic electrical stimulation revealed significantly larger potentials on the stimulated side than the non-stimulated side. Skin sympathetic nerve activity showed no difference between the 2 sides. Conclusion. Therapeutic electrical stimulation was found to have a facilitatory effect on the muscle sympathetic nerve activity, whereas regulatory function was activated by the sympathetic nerves.

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Activation of slowly conducting medullary raphé-spinal neurons, including serotonergic neurons, increases cutaneous sympathetic vasomotor discharge in rabbit

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00564.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288 (4) ◽

pp. R909-R918 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Youichirou Ootsuka ◽

William W. Blessing

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Conduction Velocity ◽

Sympathetic Nerve ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Spinal Neurons ◽

Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽

Medullary Raphe ◽

Stimulation Of ◽

Nerve Discharge

Neurons in the rostral medullary raphé/parapyramidal region regulate cutaneous sympathetic nerve discharge. Using focal electrical stimulation at different dorsoventral raphé/parapyramidal sites in anesthetized rabbits, we have now demonstrated that increases in ear pinna cutaneous sympathetic nerve discharge can be elicited only from sites within 1 mm of the ventral surface of the medulla. By comparing the latency to sympathetic discharge following stimulation at the ventral raphé site with the corresponding latency following stimulation of the spinal cord [third thoracic (T3) dorsolateral funiculus] we determined that the axonal conduction velocity of raphé-spinal neurons exciting ear pinna sympathetic vasomotor nerves is 0.8 ± 0.1 m/s ( n = 6, range 0.6–1.1 m/s). Applications of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2A antagonist trans-4-((3 Z)3-[(2-dimethylaminoethyl)oxyimino]-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propen-1-yl)-phenol, hemifumarate (SR-46349B, 80 μg/kg in 0.8 ml) to the cerebrospinal fluid above thoracic spinal cord (T1-T7), but not the lumbar spinal cord (L2-L4), reduced raphé-evoked increases in ear pinna sympathetic vasomotor discharge from 43 ± 9 to 16 ± 6% ( P < 0.01, n = 8). Subsequent application of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonist kynurenic acid (25 μmol in 0.5 ml) substantially reduced the remaining evoked discharge (22 ± 8 to 6 ± 6%, P < 0.05, n = 5). Our conduction velocity data demonstrate that only slowly conducting raphé-spinal axons, in the unmyelinated range, contribute to sympathetic cutaneous vasomotor discharge evoked by electrical stimulation of the medullary raphé/parapyramidal region. Our pharmacological data provide evidence that raphé-spinal neurons using 5-HT as a neurotransmitter contribute to excitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons regulating cutaneous vasomotor discharge. Raphé-spinal neurons using an EAA, perhaps glutamate, make a substantial contribution to the ear sympathetic nerve discharge evoked by raphé stimulation.

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Еffects of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in combination with mechanotherapy on changes in systemic and regional hemodynamics

10.34014/mpphe.2021-70-73 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

V.A. Golodnova ◽

S.S. Ananyev ◽

Y.Y. Bikbaeva ◽

M.V. Balykin ◽

I.V. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Peripheral Resistance ◽

Physical Exertion ◽

Cerebral Hemodynamics ◽

Systemic Hemodynamics ◽

Before And After ◽

Regional Hemodynamics ◽

Mechanical Therapy ◽

Stimulation Of

Objective: to evaluate changes in systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and in combination of electrical stimulation with mechanotherapy. Methodology. The subjects underwent percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, the duration of the session was 5 minutes. Mechanotherapy was performed using a treadmill. The subjects performed walking at a power of 25W. for 5 minutes. Hemodynamics was evaluated before and after the electrical stimulation session, as well as before and after the mechanical therapy session on the track in combination with percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. To study systemic and regional hemodynamics, a rheograph-polyanalyzer "REAN-POLY" was used. Results. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord does not lead to significant changes in systemic and cerebral hemodynamics. Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord in combination with physical exertion leads to reactive changes in systemic hemodynamics, increased blood filling and venous outflow, against the background of a decrease in peripheral resistance of cerebral vessels. Key words: electrostimulation, percutaneous electrostimulation, mechanotherapy, systemic hemodynamics, regional hemodynamics.

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