scholarly journals Investigating Parietal and Premotor Influence on Motor Cortical Excitability Associated with Visuomotor Associative Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Paul J. Wolfe ◽  
Lynea B. Kaethler ◽  
W. Richard Staines
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability

The brain changes in response to sensory signals it is exposed to. It has been shown that long term potentiation-like neuroplasticity can be experimentally induced via visual paired-associative stimulation (V-PAS). V-PAS combines afferent visual stimuli with a transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse to induce plasticity. Preparation of a reaching movement to generate activity in superior parietal occipital cortex (SPOC) was used in this study as an additional afferent contributor to modulate the resultant plasticity. We hypothesized that V-PAS with a reaching movement would induce greater cortical excitability than V-PAS alone and would exhibit facilitated SPOC to M1 projections. All four experiments enrolled groups of 10 participants to complete variations of V-PAS in a repeated measures design. SPOC to M1 projections facilitated motor cortex excitability following V-PAS regardless of intervention received. We did not observe evidence indicating extra afferent information provided an additive effect to participants. Investigation of PMd to M1 projections confirmed disinhibition and suggested interneuronal populations within M1 may be mechanistically involved. Future research should look to rule out the existence of an upper limit for effective afference during V-PAS and investigate the average influence of V-PAS on cortical excitability in the larger population.

Knockdown of α2C-adrenoceptors in the occipital cortex rescued long-term potentiation in hidden prenatally malnourished rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Barra ◽  
Rubén Soto-Moyano ◽  
Luis Valladares ◽  
Carlos Morgan ◽  
Hernán Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Term Potentiation

scholarly journals Ginkgo Biloba as a New Medication for Resisting Dementia: A New Proposal

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Jyh-Woei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Dementia Patient ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
The Brain

Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional medicine, by which memory in the brain could be improved. In this study, a dementia patient has taken Ginkgo biloba during the time period of a year as a case study. He has taken a pill with 665 mg for a year from 08 November 2018 to 08 November 2019 (Taiwan Standard Time, TST). Later, the brain waves were largely different. However, he could only know his family name, the long term memory (LTM) could showed only a small recovery. The treatment outcome has been limited. Focusing on synapses in the brain can be a good way of interpreting the results. For future research, some new medications containing Ginkgo biloba can be devised for keeping a normal converting long-term potentiation (LTP) for healthy persons and for resisting dementia. The new proposal contributes to this study. Ginkgo biloba should be necessary as a pharmaceutical ingredient.

α2-Adrenoceptor modulation of long-term potentiation elicited in vivo in rat occipital cortex

2004 ◽  
Vol 1021 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Mondaca ◽  
Alejandro Hernández ◽  
Hernán Pérez ◽  
Luis Valladares ◽  
Walter Sierralta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Α2 Adrenoceptor ◽  
Term Potentiation

scholarly journals Effect of Prenatal Protein Malnutrition on Long-Term Potentiation and BDNF Protein Expression in the Rat Entorhinal Cortex after Neocortical and Hippocampal Tetanization

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Hernández ◽  
Héctor Burgos ◽  
Mauricio Mondaca ◽  
Rafael Barra ◽  
Héctor Núñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Reduction of the protein content from 25 to 8% casein in the diet of pregnant rats results in impaired neocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) of the offspring together with lower visuospatial memory performance. The present study was aimed to investigate whether this type of maternal malnutrition could result in modification of plastic capabilities of the entorhinal cortex (EC) in the adult progeny. Unlike normal eutrophic controls, 55–60-day-old prenatally malnourished rats were unable to develop LTP in the medial EC to tetanizing stimulation delivered to either the ipsilateral occipital cortex or the CA1 hippocampal region. Tetanizing stimulation of CA1 also failed to increase the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the EC of malnourished rats. Impaired capacity of the EC of prenatally malnourished rats to develop LTP and to increase BDNF levels during adulthood may be an important factor contributing to deficits in learning performance having adult prenatally malnourished animals.

Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽  
Guillermo Vallejo ◽  
Paula Fernández ◽  
Ellián Tuero-Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

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