scholarly journals Presence of the Endocannabinoid System in the Inferior Pulvinar of the Vervet Monkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes ◽  
Joseph Bouskila ◽  
Jean-François Bouchard ◽  
Maurice Ptito
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Vervet Monkey ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate

The expression of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, including cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and the cannabinoid synthesizing (NAPE-PLD) and degrading (FAAH) enzymes, has been well-characterized in the retina of rodents and monkeys. More recently, the presence of CB1R was localized throughout the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus of vervet monkeys. Given that the retina projects also to the pulvinar either via a direct projection or via the superior colliculus, it was reasonable to assume that this system would be present therein. The visual pulvinar, namely the inferior pulvinar (PI) region, was delineated with calbindin immunohistochemical staining. Using Western blots and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated that CB1R, NAPE-PLD and FAAH are expressed in the PI of the vervet monkey. Throughout the PI, CB1R was mainly colocalized with VGLUT2-positive axon terminals in the vicinity of calbindin and parvalbumin-positive neurons. NAPE-PLD and FAAH rather colocalized with calbindin over the somatodendritic compartment of PI neurons. Our results suggest that visual information coming from the retina and entering the PI is modulated by the eCB system on its way to the dorsal visual stream. These results provide insights for understanding the role of eCBs in the modulation of visual thalamic inputs and, hence, visual perception.

The multifaceted role of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES L. COX ◽  
JOSEPH A. BEATTY
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Presynaptic Dendrites ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractIntrinsic interneurons within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) provide a feed-forward inhibitory pathway for afferent visual information originating from the retina. These interneurons are unique because in addition to traditional axodendritic output onto thalamocortical neurons, these interneurons have presynaptic dendrites that form dendrodendritic synapses onto thalamocortical neurons as well. These presynaptic dendrites, termed F2 terminals, are tightly coupled to the retinogeniculate afferents that synapse onto thalamocortical relay neurons. Retinogeniculate stimulation of F2 terminals can occur through the activation of ionotropic and/or metabotropic glutamate receptors. The stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors can occur with single stimuli and produces a short-lasting inhibition of the thalamocortical neuron. By contrast, activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors requires tetanic activation and results in longer-lasting inhibition in the thalamocortical neuron. The F2 terminals are predominantly localized to the distal dendrites of interneurons, and the excitation and output of F2 terminals can occur independent of somatic activity within the interneuron thereby allowing these F2 terminals to serve as independent processors, giving rise to focal inhibition. By contrast, strong transient depolarizations at the soma can initiate a backpropagating calcium-mediated potential that invades the dendritic arbor activating F2 terminals and leading to a global form of inhibition. These distinct types of output, focal versus global, could play an important role in the temporal and spatial roles of inhibition that in turn impacts thalamocortical information processing.

scholarly journals Spatial receptive fields in the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice lacking rods and cones

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 1321-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Procyk ◽  
Cyril G. Eleftheriou ◽  
Riccardo Storchi ◽  
Annette E. Allen ◽  
Nina Milosavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Multielectrode Arrays ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate

In advanced retinal degeneration loss of rods and cones leaves melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) as the only source of visual information. ipRGCs drive non-image-forming responses (e.g., circadian photoentrainment) under such conditions but, despite projecting to the primary visual thalamus [dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)], do not support form vision. We wished to determine what precludes ipRGCs supporting spatial discrimination after photoreceptor loss, using a mouse model ( rd/rd cl) lacking rods and cones. Using multielectrode arrays, we found that both RGCs and neurons in the dLGN of this animal have clearly delineated spatial receptive fields. In the retina, they are typically symmetrical, lack inhibitory surrounds, and have diameters in the range of 10–30° of visual space. Receptive fields in the dLGN were larger (diameters typically 30–70°) but matched the retinotopic map of the mouse dLGN. Injections of a neuroanatomical tracer (cholera toxin β-subunit) into the dLGN confirmed that retinotopic order of ganglion cell projections to the dLGN and thalamic projections to the cortex is at least superficially intact in rd/rd cl mice. However, as previously reported for deafferented ipRGCs, onset and offset of light responses have long latencies in the rd/rd cl retina and dLGN. Accordingly, dLGN neurons failed to track dynamic changes in light intensity in this animal. Our data reveal that ipRGCs can convey spatial information in advanced retinal degeneration and identify their poor temporal fidelity as the major limitation in their ability to provide information about spatial patterns under natural viewing conditions.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Plasticity in Subcortical Visual Areas

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3162
Author(s):  
Maël Duménieu ◽  
Béatrice Marquèze-Pouey ◽  
Michaël Russier ◽  
Dominique Debanne
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

Visual plasticity is classically considered to occur essentially in the primary and secondary cortical areas. Subcortical visual areas such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) or the superior colliculus (SC) have long been held as basic structures responsible for a stable and defined function. In this model, the dLGN was considered as a relay of visual information travelling from the retina to cortical areas and the SC as a sensory integrator orienting body movements towards visual targets. However, recent findings suggest that both dLGN and SC neurons express functional plasticity, adding unexplored layers of complexity to their previously attributed functions. The existence of neuronal plasticity at the level of visual subcortical areas redefines our approach of the visual system. The aim of this paper is therefore to review the cellular and molecular mechanisms for activity-dependent plasticity of both synaptic transmission and cellular properties in subcortical visual areas.

scholarly journals The role of nitric oxide in the transformation of visual information within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cudeiro ◽  
K.L. Grieve ◽  
C. Rivadulla ◽  
R. Rodríguez ◽  
S. Martínez-Conde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate

The β sector of the rabbit's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

1988 ◽  
Vol 233 (1270) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Perigeniculate Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate

The β sector of the rabbit’s dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is a small region of nerve cells scattered among the fibres of the geniculocortical pathway. In its topographical relations it resembles the perigeniculate nucleus of carnivores, which contains neurons driven by geniculate and visual cortical neurons and which sends inhibitory fibres back into the geniculate relay. We have traced retinogeniculate, geniculocortical and corticogeniculate pathways in rabbits by using horseradish peroxidase or radioactively labelled proline and have found that the β sector resembles the perigeniculate nucleus in receiving no direct retinal afferents, sending no efferents to the visual cortex (V–I), and receiving afferents from the visual cortex. The corticogeniculate afferents are organized so that the visual field map in the β sector and the main part of the lateral geniculate relays are aligned, as are the maps in the cat’s perigeniculate nucleus and the main part of the geniculate relay of carnivores. Electron microscopical studies show similar types of axon terminals in the rabbit and the cat for the main part of the geniculate relay on the one hand and for the β sector and the perigeniculate nucleus on the other. Earlier observations that the proportion of putative inhibitory terminals (F-type terminals) is lower in the rabbit’s than the cat’s geniculate region are confirmed. A major difference between the β sector and the perigeniculate nucleus has been revealed by immunohistochemical staining for GABA. Whereas almost all of the cat’s perigeniculate cells appear to be GABA ergic, the proportion in the β sector is much lower, and not significantly different from that found in the main part of the rabbit’s geniculate relay. It is concluded that the β sector shares many of the organizational features of the perigeniculate nucleus. A common developmental origin seems probable, but the functional differences remain to be explored.

scholarly journals Organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the mouse

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL KERSCHENSTEINER ◽  
WILLIAM GUIDO
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Retinal Projections ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the principal conduit for visual information from retina to visual cortex. Viewed initially as a simple relay, recent studies in the mouse reveal far greater complexity in the way input from the retina is combined, transmitted, and processed in dLGN. Here we consider the structural and functional organization of the mouse retinogeniculate pathway by examining the patterns of retinal projections to dLGN and how they converge onto thalamocortical neurons to shape the flow of visual information to visual cortex.

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