Effects of Orthographic Consistency on Bilingual Reading: Human and Computer Simulation Data

English serves as today’s lingua franca, a role not eased by the inconsistency of its orthography. Indeed, monolingual readers of more consistent orthographies such as Italian or German learn to read more quickly than monolingual English readers. Here, we assessed whether long-lasting bilingualism would mitigate orthography-specific differences in reading speed and whether the order in which orthographies with a different regularity are learned matters. We studied high-proficiency Italian-English and English-Italian bilinguals, with at least 20 years of intensive daily exposure to the second language and its orthography and we simulated sequential learning of the two orthographies with the CDP++ connectionist model of reading. We found that group differences in reading speed were comparatively bigger with Italian stimuli than with English stimuli. Furthermore, only Italian bilinguals took advantage of a blocked presentation of Italian stimuli compared to when stimuli from both languages were presented in mixed order, suggesting a greater ability to keep language-specific orthographic representations segregated. These findings demonstrate orthographic constraints on bilingual reading, whereby the level of consistency of the first learned orthography affects later learning and performance on a second orthography. The computer simulations were consistent with these conclusions.

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Ion modes in strongly coupled two-component plasmas

Journal of Plasma Physics ◽

10.1017/s0022377800017207 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 359-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. A. Berkovsky

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Hydrodynamic Model ◽

Simulation Data ◽

Frequency Spectra ◽

Strongly Coupled ◽

Transverse Modes ◽

Two Component ◽

Computer Simulation Data

A generalized hydrodynamic model is used to evaluate the frequency spectra of longitudinal and transverse modes in dense strongly coupled two-component plasmas. The results are compared with available computer simulation data.

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Afferent and Efferent Aspects of Mandibular Sensorimotor Control in Adults Who Stutter

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0134) ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1774-1788 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ayoub Daliri ◽

Roman A. Prokopenko ◽

Ludo Max

Keyword(s):

Sensorimotor Control ◽

Group Differences ◽

Sensitivity Threshold ◽

Active Movement ◽

Jaw Movements ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

Displacement Threshold ◽

Anatomical Properties ◽

And Performance ◽

Movement Differences

Purpose Individuals who stutter show sensorimotor deficiencies in speech and nonspeech movements. For the mandibular system, the authors dissociated the sense of kinesthesia from the efferent control component to examine whether kinesthetic integrity itself is compromised in stuttering or whether deficiencies occur only when generating motor commands. Method The authors investigated 11 stuttering and 11 nonstuttering adults' kinesthetic sensitivity threshold and kinesthetic accuracy for passive jaw movements as well as their minimal displacement threshold and positioning accuracy for active jaw movements. They also investigated the correlation with an anatomical index of jaw size. Results The groups showed no statistically significant differences on sensory measures for passive jaw movements. Although some stuttering individuals performed more poorly than any nonstuttering participants on the active movement tasks, between-group differences for active movements were not statistically significant. Unlike fluent speakers, however, the stuttering group showed a statistically significant correlation between mandibular size and performance in the active and passive near-threshold tasks. Conclusions Previously reported minimal-movement differences were not replicated. Instead, stuttering individuals' performance varied with anatomical properties. These correlational results are consistent with the hypothesis that stuttering participants generate and perceive movements on the basis of less accurate internal models of the involved neuromechanical systems.

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A-2 Clustering and Switching Indices as Discriminators between Alzheimer’s Dementia, Vascular Dementia, and Mild Cognitive Impairment on a Semantic Fluency Task

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab062.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1023-1023

Author(s):

Amanda M Wisinger ◽

Matthew S Phillips ◽

Dustin A Carter ◽

Kyle J Jennette ◽

Joseph W Fink

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Cluster Size ◽

Semantic Knowledge ◽

Group Differences ◽

Semantic Fluency ◽

And Performance ◽

Memory Concerns

Abstract Objective Studies that have used semantic fluency tasks to guide differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (ad) and vascular dementia (VaD) typically only examine the total number of words produced, which has yielded conflicting results. The present study examined whether other indices of semantic fluency (i.e., clustering and switching), which are thought to better isolate the components of semantic memory and executive functioning abilities, would discriminate among ad, VaD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method A retrospective sample of 156 patients (mean age = 78.64; 76.3% female, 23.7% male; 26.9% White, 71.2% Black, 1.9% Other) who completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation as part of a workup related to memory concerns and were diagnosed with ad, VaD, or MCI was utilized. Separate univariate analyses of variance were used to examine group differences on three indices of semantic fluency (animals): total words, mean cluster size, and number of switches. Results There was a significant main effect of group for total words [F(2,153) = 7.09, p = 0.001], mean cluster size [F(2, 153) = 3.44, p = 0.035] and number of switches [F(2,153) = 3.36, p = 0.037]. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the ad and VaD groups produced significantly fewer total words than the MCI group, the ad group produced significantly smaller clusters than the VaD group, and the VaD group produced significantly fewer switches than the MCI group. Conclusion Observed group differences suggest that clustering and switching may aid in discriminating between dementia etiologies. Future studies may benefit from examining the association between these fluency indices and performance on executive functioning and semantic knowledge tasks to better understand these findings.

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Microscopic origin of the scattering pre-peak in aqueous propylamine mixtures: X-ray and neutron experiments versus simulations

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ◽

10.1039/c9cp01137d ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 9317-9325 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

László Almásy ◽

Alexander I. Kuklin ◽

Martina Požar ◽

Anthony Baptista ◽

Aurélien Perera

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Neutron Scattering ◽

Simulation Data ◽

X Ray ◽

Computer Simulation Data ◽

Microscopic Origin

The structure of aqueous propylamine mixtures is investigated through X-ray and neutron scattering experiments, and the scattered intensities compared with computer simulation data.

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KINETICS OF SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION IN REPEATED FED BATCH CULTURE AND FITTING COMPUTER SIMULATION DATA TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS

Scientific and Engineering Principles ◽

10.1016/b978-0-08-025383-1.50056-4 ◽

1981 ◽

pp. 303-308

Author(s):

M. Bošnjak ◽

V. Topolovec ◽

A. Stroj ◽

V. Johanides

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Computer Simulation ◽

Batch Culture ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽

Fed Batch ◽

Simulation Data ◽

Fed Batch Culture ◽

Computer Simulation Data ◽

Kinetics Of

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Extraction of the One-Component Plasma Bridge Function from Computer Simulation Data

Strongly Coupled Plasma Physics ◽

10.1007/978-1-4613-1891-0_3 ◽

1987 ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

P. D. Poll ◽

N. W. Ashcroft

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Simulation Data ◽

Bridge Function ◽

Component Plasma ◽

Computer Simulation Data ◽

The One

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I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.2016-0088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 16-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Judy L. Van Raalte ◽

Allen E. Cornelius ◽

Elizabeth M. Mullin ◽

Britton W. Brewer ◽

Erika D. Van Dyke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

The Self ◽

Group Differences ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Group ◽

Self Talk ◽

Outcome Differences ◽

And Performance ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

And Control

A series of studies was conducted by Senay et al. in 2010 to replicate and extend research indicating that self-posed questions have performance benefits. Studies 1–3 compared the effects of the self-posed interrogative question (“Will I?”) to declarative (“I will”) and control self-talk, and found no significant group differences in motivation, perceived exertion, or performance. In Studies 4–5, interrogative, declarative, and control self-talk primes were compared, and no outcome differences were found. In Study 6, the effects of self-talk on motivation, perceived exertion, and physical performance were assessed. The self-talk groups performed better and were more motivated than the control group, but declarative and interrogative groups did not differ from each other. Finally, meta-analyses of the six studies indicated no significant differences among conditions. These results highlight the value of replication and suggest that factors other than grammatical form of self-posed questions may drive the demonstrated relationships between self-talk and performance.

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