scholarly journals Impulsive and Omission Errors: Potential Temporal Processing Endophenotypes in ADHD

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1218
Author(s):  
Johan E. Acosta-López ◽  
Isabel Suárez ◽  
David A. Pineda ◽  
Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez ◽  
Martha L. Martínez-Banfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Caribbean Families

Temporal processing (TP) is associated with functions such as perception, verbal skills, temporal perspective, and future planning, and is intercorrelated with working memory, attention, and inhibitory control, which are highly impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we evaluate TP measures as potential endophenotypes in Caribbean families ascertained from probands affected by ADHD. A total of 232 individuals were recruited and clinically evaluated using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks and reaction time (RT)-based task paradigms. Further, the heritability (genetic variance underpinning phenotype) was estimated as a measure of the genetics apportionment. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in neuropsychological tasks assessing mental control, visual-verbal memory, verbal fluency, verbal, and semantic fluency. In addition, TP measures such as RT, errors, and variability were also affected in individuals with ADHD. Moreover, we determined that only omission and commission errors had significant heritability. In conclusion, we have disentangled omission and commission errors as possible TP endophenotypes in ADHD, which can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD. A predictive model using these endophenotypes led to remarkable sensitivity, specificity, precision and classification rate for ADHD diagnosis, and may be a useful tool for patients’ diagnosis, follow-up, and longitudinal assessment in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals ADHD Endophenotypes in Caribbean Families

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2100-2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Cervantes-Henríquez ◽  
J. E. Acosta-López ◽  
M. L. Martínez-Banfi ◽  
J. I. Vélez ◽  
E. Mejía-Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Caribbean Community ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Caribbean Families ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objective: The aim of this study is to contrast the genetics of neuropsychological tasks in individuals from nuclear families clustering ADHD in a Caribbean community. Method: We recruited and clinically characterized 408 individuals using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. The genetic variance underpinning these tasks was estimated by heritability. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. Results: We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in tasks of mental control, visuospatial ability, visuoverbal memory, phonological and verbal fluency, verbal and semantic fluency, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive ability. Among them, tasks of mental control, visuoverbal memory, phonological fluency, semantic verbal fluency, and intelligence had a significant heritability. A predictive model of ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes yields remarkable classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values (above 80%). Conclusion: We have dissected new cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD that can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD.

Verbal Recall After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Sensitivity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karleigh Jayne Kwapil ◽  
Gina Geffen ◽  
Ken McFarland ◽  
Veronica Eileen DeMonte
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Learning Test

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine whether including a sensitive test of immediate and delayed recall would improve the diagnostic validity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) in mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) versus orthopaedic clinical samples. Two studies were undertaken. In Study 1, the performance of 156 mTBI and 145 orthopaedic participants was analysed to identify the number of individuals who performed at ceiling on the verbal memory subtest of the RSC, as this test required immediate and delayed recall of only five words. A second aim was to determine the sensitivity and specificity levels of the RSC. Study 2 aimed to examine whether replacement of the verbal memory subtest with the 12-word Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) could improve the sensitivity of the RSC in a new sample of 26 mTBI and 30 orthopaedic participants. Both studies showed that orthopaedic participants outperformed mTBI participants on each of the selected measures. Study 1 showed that 14% of mTBI participants performed at ceiling on the immediate and 21.2% on delayed recall test. Performance on the original battery yielded a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 80% and overall correct classification of 81.5% participants. In Study 2, inclusion of the HVLT improved sensitivity to a level of 88.5%, decreased specificity to a level of 70% and resulted in an overall classification rate of 80%. It was concluded that although inclusion of the five-word subtest in the RSC can successfully distinguish concussed from non-concussed individuals, use of the HVLT in this protocol yields a more sensitive measure of subtle cognitive deficits following mTBI.

Effects of the anticonvulsant topiramate on language abilities in people with epilepsy: a cross-sectional study

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisling Buckley ◽  
Margaret Fitzgerald ◽  
Doreen Hoerold ◽  
Gavin P Davey ◽  
Colin Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Neuropsychological Battery ◽  
Boston Naming Test ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fluency And Comprehension ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topiramate (TPM) on cognitive function, specifically language, in patients with epilepsy, and to determine whether a specifically designed neuropsychological test battery can show such effects.Method: Twenty patients taking TPM, 25 epilepsy controls (taking medication other than TPM) and 25 healthy controls were recruited. We used a specific neuropsychological battery, including measures of visual and verbal memory, attention, fluency and comprehension. Separate one way between group ANOVAs were performed for each neuropsychological measure.Results: Bonferroni comparisons revealed that the TPM group performed significantly worse than epilepsy controls on digits forward (p<0.001), digits backward (p<0.05), controlled oral word association (COWA) (p<0.05) and token test (p<0.05). The TPM group also needed more multiple choice cues in the Boston naming test (p<0.05).Conclusions: The present study indicates that 15% of the sample tested had impaired language abilities and raises interesting questions regarding the nature of this effect. Furthermore, we have identified some short neuropsychological tasks that can be performed in routine clinical situations that can reliably identify patients who have negative linguistic effects of TPM.

scholarly journals Effects of orthostatic hypotension on cognition in Parkinson disease

Neurology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Centi ◽  
Roy Freeman ◽  
Christopher H. Gibbons ◽  
Sandy Neargarder ◽  
Alexander O. Canova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Phonemic Fluency

Objective:To investigate the relation between orthostatic hypotension (OH) and posture-mediated cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD) using a cross-sectional and within-group design.Methods:Individuals without dementia with idiopathic PD included 18 with OH (PDOH) and 19 without OH; 18 control participants were also included. Neuropsychological tests were conducted in supine and upright-tilted positions. Blood pressure was assessed in each posture.Results:The PD groups performed similarly while supine, demonstrating executive dysfunction in sustained attention and response inhibition, and reduced semantic fluency and verbal memory (encoding and retention). Upright posture exacerbated and broadened these deficits in the PDOH group to include phonemic fluency, psychomotor speed, and auditory working memory. When group-specific supine scores were used as baseline anchors, both PD groups showed cognitive changes following tilt, with the PDOH group exhibiting a wider range of deficits in executive function and memory as well as significant changes in visuospatial function.Conclusions:Cognitive deficits in PD have been widely reported with assessments performed in the supine position, as seen in both our PD groups. Here we demonstrated that those with PDOH had transient, posture-mediated changes in excess of those found in PD without OH. These observed changes suggest an acute, reversible effect. Understanding the effects of OH due to autonomic failure on cognition is desirable, particularly as neuroimaging and clinical assessments collect data only in the supine or seated positions. Identification of a distinct neuropsychological profile in PD with OH has quality of life implications, and OH presents itself as a possible target for intervention in cognitive disturbance.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological outcomes of subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy via a small craniotomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Fan Yang ◽  
Hui-Jian Zhang ◽  
Jia-Sheng Pei ◽  
Qiao Lin ◽  
Zhen Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Brain Surgery ◽  
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Subtemporal Approach ◽  
Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy

OBJECT The objectives of this study were to describe a novel minimal-access subtemporal approach for selective resection of the amygdala and hippocampus in patients with medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis, and to analyze the related outcomes. METHODS The authors analyzed data from all cases involving patients with unilateral MTLE due to hippocampal sclerosis who were treated with selective amygdalohippocampectomy via the posterior subtemporal approach through a relatively small craniotomy, without a neuronavigation system, at their institution during the period from September 2010 to September 2012. Data were obtained on baseline characteristics, preoperative evaluations of unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis, surgical complications, and Engel class seizure outcomes. All patients underwent memory testing, IQ testing, and language testing. RESULTS The mean duration of follow-up was 33.6 months (range 24–48 months). There were no deaths and no cases of significant postoperative morbidity. One patient had a mild complication. At 2-year follow-up, 19 patients were seizure free (Engel Class I outcome). Verbal memory scores obtained at 3 months and at 2 years after surgery were significantly lower than preoperative scores for patients who underwent surgery on the left side of the brain (p < 0.05). Pictorial memory scores were higher following surgery compared with before surgery regardless of whether patients underwent left- or right-sided brain surgery. There was also improvement in performance IQ and total IQ following surgery in both groups. For patients who underwent right-sided brain surgery, verbal comprehension and semantic fluency testing scores were significantly higher at both 3 months and 2 years after surgery than before surgery. For patients who underwent left-sided brain surgery, scores on all language tests were significantly lower at 3 months after surgery than before surgery. Verbal comprehension testing scores returned to the preoperative level at 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The posterior subtemporal approach through a relatively small craniotomy allows adequate exposure and safe resection of mesial temporal structures and effectively reduces medically intractable MTLE. It preserves IQ but may have a detrimental effect on verbal memory and language ability.

VERBAL FLUENCY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INHIBITORY CONTROL IN CHILDREN GRADES 1-3

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Haris Memisevic ◽  
Sanja Soce ◽  
Lejla Kuralic Cisic ◽  
Inga Biscevic ◽  
Arnela Pasalic
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Reaction Test ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
And Gender ◽  
School Period

Verbal fluency (VF) is a good indicator of a child’s academic prowess and later academic success. The goal of the present study was to examine the association between VF and inhibitory control. An additional goal was to examine the developmental trajectories of VF in relation to the grade and gender of the children. The sample for this study consisted of 210 children attending grades 1 to 3. Children’s performance was measured on two VF tasks: semantic fluency and phonological fluency. As a measure of inhibitory control we used a number of commission errors committed on the Multiple Choice Reaction Test. The results of this study indicate the lack of association between VF and inhibitory control. Children improved significantly in VF from grade 1 to grade 3. In relation to gender, girls outperformed boys on the test of phonological fluency but not on the test of semantic fluency. Given the importance of VF, these skills need to be tackled during the elementary school period and even earlier in preschool.

scholarly journals Estimation of Cognitive Performance Based on Premorbid Intelligence in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1717-1725
Author(s):  
Rocio Del Pino ◽  
Maria Díez-Cirarda ◽  
Javier Peña ◽  
Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao ◽  
Natalia Ojeda
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Pi Method ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence

Background: The estimation of premorbid intelligence (PI) is needed for an accurate diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the cognitive performance taking into account the PI in Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to healthy controls (HC); and to analyze the discrepancies between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on the PI. Method: Semantic fluency, verbal and visual memory, and executive functions were assessed in 39 PD and 162 HC. A linear regression model was used to analyze the discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the current raw scores through PI variables (Word Accentuation Test (WAT), Pseudo-Words (PW) Reading subtest from PROLEC-R, age, and years of education). ROC analyses were performed to assess their diagnostic properties. Results: Significant differences were found in the raw cognitive scores between patients and HC [semantic fluency (t = 6.07; p < 0.001), verbal memory (t = 6.63; p < 0.001), and executive functions (t = 2.57; p = 0.013), and in visual memory (t = 1.97; p = 0.055 marginally significant)]. Compared to HC, PD patients presented higher discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the raw scores in semantic fluency, verbal memory, visual memory, executive functions (AUC = 0.78, 0.78; 0.64, 0.61, respectively). Conclusion: The magnitude of the discrepancies scores between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on PI indicates the presence of cognitive decline in the specific cognitive domain in PD patients. This study underlines the usefulness of premorbid measures and variables, such as WAT, PW, age, and years of education, to more accurately estimate the cognitive performance in PD.

scholarly journals Schizophrenia polygenic risk predicts general cognitive deficit but not cognitive decline in healthy older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna P. Kępińska ◽  
James H. MacCabe ◽  
Dorina Cadar ◽  
Andrew Steptoe ◽  
Robin M. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Rate Of Decline

AbstractThere has been a long argument over whether schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Given high heritability of schizophrenia, ascertaning if genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia is also associated with cognitive decline in healthy people would support the view that schizophrenia leads to an accelerated cognitive decline. Using the population representative sample of 6817 adults aged >50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we investigated associations between the biennial rate of decline in cognitive ability and the schizophrenia polygenic score (SZ-PGS) during the 10-year follow-up period. SZ-PGS was calculated based on summary statistics from the Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Cognition was measured sequentially across four time points using verbal memory and semantic fluency tests. The average baseline verbal memory was 10.4 (SD = 3.4) and semantic fluency was 20.7 (SD = 6.3). One standard deviation (1-SD) increase in SZ-PGS was associated with lower baseline semantic fluency (β = −0.25, 95%CI = −0.40 to −0.10, p = 0.002); this association was significant in men (β = −0.36, 95%CI = −0.59 to −0.12, p = 0.003) and in those who were aged 60–69 years old (β = −0.32, 95%CI = −0.58 to −0.05, p = 0.019). Similarly, 1-SD increase in SZ-PGS was associated with lower verbal memory score at baseline in men only (β = −0.12, 95%CI = −0.23 to −0.01, p = 0.040). However, SZ-PGS was not associated with a greater rate of decline in these cognitive domains during the 10-year follow-up. Our findings highlight that while genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia conveys developmental cognitive deficit, it is not associated with an ongoing cognitive decline, at least in later life. These results do not support the neo-Kraepelinian notion of schizophrenia as a genetically determined progressively deteriorating brain disease.

Auditory Temporal Acuity in Normally Achieving and Learning-Disabled College Students

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty U. Watson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Normally Achieving ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reading Disabled

Recent research has suggested that deficits in several metalinguistic/phonological abilities, such as short-term verbal memory and phoneme segmentation, may be etiologic factors in specific reading disability, and it has been speculated that these weaknesses may result from a more fundamental deficit in the processing of temporal, auditory stimuli. This study examined the auditory temporal processing skills of reading-disabled, math-disabled, and normally achieving college students. The math-disabled group was included to control for the possibility that poor temporal processing is a "marker" variable for learning disability rather than being related specifically to reading disability. Subjects were assessed on a battery of psychophysical tasks that included five tests of temporal processing. The reading-disabled group performed significantly more poorly on the temporal tasks but performed as well as the other groups on the simple pitch and loudness discrimination tasks. In spite of the significant difference on the temporal tasks, the majority of reading-disabled subjects performed within the same range as the subjects in the other two groups, and there were also some normally reading subjects who performed poorly on the temporal processing tasks. These findings suggest that poor temporal processing is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of reading disability, but that there is a modest association between the two domains.

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