scholarly journals Changes in the Orexin System in Rats Exhibiting Learned Helplessness Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Chung-Wei Hsu ◽  
Sabrina Wang
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neuron Activation ◽  
Animal Model Of Depression ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B) are neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that depression and anxiety are associated with the orexin system. In the current study, we used the learned helplessness (LH) animal model of depression to identify rats displaying LH behaviors (LH rats) and those that did not (No-LH rats). We compared the number of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of LH, No-LH, and control rats. Orexin peptides, orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) and 2 (OXR2) in brain areas involved in major depression and serum OX-A and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were quantified and compared between rat groups. We found that LH and No-LH rats displayed higher serum OX-A concentrations compared with control rats. Comparison between LH and No-LH rats revealed that No-LH rats had significantly higher OX-A levels in the brain, more OX-A neurons, and more OX-A neuron activation. LH rats had more OX-B neurons and more OX-B neuron activation. Orexin peptides and receptors in the brain areas involved in major depression exhibited different patterns in LH and NoLH rats. Our findings revealed that activation of OX-A neurons could promote resilient behaviors under stressful situations and OX-A and OX-B neuropeptides exhibit dissimilar functions in LH behaviors.

scholarly journals Strain Differences in the Chronic Mild Stress Animal Model of Depression and Anxiety in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-Hee Jung ◽  
Sa-Ik Hong ◽  
Shi-Xun Ma ◽  
Ji-Young Hwang ◽  
Jun-Sup Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Animal Model Of Depression

scholarly journals Enrichment Environment Positively Influences Depression- and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rats through the Modulation of Neuroplasticity, Spine, and GABAergic Markers

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Giulia Sbrini ◽  
Paola Brivio ◽  
Kari Bosch ◽  
Judith Regina Homberg ◽  
Francesca Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
The Brain

The serotonin transporter (5-HTT in humans, SERT in rodents) is the main regulator of serotonergic transmission in the brain. The short allelic variant of the 5-HTT gene is in humans associated with psychopathologies and may enhance the vulnerability to develop depression after exposure to stressful events. Interestingly, the short allele also increases the sensitivity to a positive environment, which may buffer the vulnerability to depression. Since this polymorphism does not exist in rodents, male SERT knockout (SERT−/−) rats were tested to explore the molecular mechanisms based on this increased predisposition. This article investigates the influences of a positive manipulation, namely, enriched environment (EE), on the depressive-like behavior observed in SERT−/− rats. We found that one month of EE exposure normalized the anhedonic and anxious-like phenotype characteristics of this animal model. Moreover, we observed that EE exposure also restored the molecular alterations in the prefrontal cortex by positively modulating the expression of the neurotrophin Bdnf, and of spines and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic markers. Overall, our data confirm the depression-like phenotype of SERT−/− rats and highlight the ability of EE to restore behavioral and molecular alterations, thus promoting the opportunity to use EE as a supporting non-pharmacological approach to treat mood disorders.

Concentrations of glucose metabolites in the brain in an animal model of depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Głombik ◽  
Bogusława Budziszewska ◽  
Agnieszka Basta-Kaim ◽  
Jan Detka ◽  
Monika Leśkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Model Of Depression ◽  
Glucose Metabolites ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Imagine That! Mental Training for Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Scott ◽  
Greg Wood ◽  
Paul S. Holmes ◽  
Ben Marshall ◽  
Jacqueline Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental Training ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
And Control ◽  
Coordination Disorder ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Health And Well Being

Movement is important for children’s health and well-being. Most children find it easy to learn to move but children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) find it hard. It can be tricky for them to plan and control their movements. DCD affects 1 in every 20 children. It makes important tasks difficult, like getting dressed or playing games and sports. Scientists have found that children with DCD have different activity in some brain areas compared to other children. Mental training can increase activity in these areas of the brain. One type of mental training is motor imagery, which involves imagining doing movements. Another type of mental training is action observation, which involves carefully watching how people make certain movements. These techniques can help children with DCD get better at moving. This means that doing mental training might help make life easier for children with DCD.

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