Cutinases: Characteristics and Insights in Industrial Production

Cutinases (EC 3.1.1.74) are serin esterases that belong to the α/β hydrolases superfamily and present in the Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad. They show characteristics between esterases and lipases. These enzymes hydrolyze esters and triacylglycerols and catalyze esterification and transesterification reactions. Cutinases are synthesize by plant pathogenic fungi, but some bacteria and plants have been found to produce cutinases as well. In nature they facilitate a pathogen’s invasion by hydrolyzing the cuticle that protects plants, but can be also used for saprophytic fungi as a way to nourish themselves. Cutinases can hydrolyze a wide range of substrates like esters, polyesters, triacylglycerols and waxes and that makes this enzyme very attractive for industrial purposes. This work discusses techniques of industrial interest such as immobilization and purification, as well as some of the most important uses of cutinases in industries.

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Dissecting Disease-Suppressive Rhizosphere Microbiomes by Functional Amplicon Sequencing and 10× Metagenomics

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.01116-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vittorio Tracanna ◽

Adam Ossowicki ◽

Marloes L. C. Petrus ◽

Sam Overduin ◽

Barbara R. Terlouw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Content Type ◽

Major Threat ◽

Wide Range

Soil-borne plant-pathogenic fungi continue to be a major threat to agriculture and horticulture. The genus Fusarium in particular is one of the most devastating groups of soilborne fungal pathogens for a wide range of crops.

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Interactions Between Myxobacteria, Plant Pathogenic Fungi, and Biocontrol Agents

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.8.889 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (8) ◽

pp. 889-896 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

C. T. Bull ◽

K. G. Shetty ◽

K. V. Subbarao

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Pythium Ultimum ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Lytic Enzymes ◽

Wide Range

Myxobacteria are soil dwelling gram-negative gliding bacteria that form fruiting bodies containing myxospores. Although myxobacteria produce a wide range of antibiotics and lytic enzymes that assist in their ability to prey on other microorganisms, their role in agriculture has received little attention. Myxococcus spp. were isolated from soils in organic and conventionally managed strawberry production and transplant fields in the absence of soil fumigation. Fumigation with methyl bromide and chloropicrin virtually eliminated these organisms from soil. However, soil fumigation had no effect on the frequency of isolation of Myxococcus spp. from strawberry roots. Six Myxococcus spp. were tested in vitro against eight soilborne plant pathogenic fungi (Cylindrocarpon spp., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia spp., Sclerotinia minor, Verticillium albo-atrum, and V. dahliae) and against two fungal biological control agents (Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma viride). Phytophthora capsici, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia spp., S. minor, and T. viride were completely inhibited by all of the Myxococcus spp. tested. F. oxysporum f. sp. apii was the least sensitive to the myxobacteria, and no inhibition occurred with some Myxococcus spp. Inhibition of the other fungi tested was variable. Myxococcus coralloides inhibited nearly all the fungi tested. The ability of bacterial biological control agents to produce antibiotics and other secondary metabolites determined whether or not they were lysed by myxobacteria. Secondary metabolite production regulated by gacS protected Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 from lysis by myxobacteria. More specifically, phenazine antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain 30–84 protected it from lysis.

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Concise Total Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Fusaric Acid, a Natural Product

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25173859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (17) ◽

pp. 3859

Author(s):

Bin Bin Huang ◽

Ya Yi Liu ◽

Peng Fei Zhu ◽

Yi Cheng Jiang ◽

Ming-An Ouyang

Keyword(s):

Total Synthesis ◽

Natural Product ◽

Fusaric Acid ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Wide Range ◽

Inhibitory Activities

The total synthesis of a natural product alkaloid fusaric acid (FA), which exhibits herbicide, fungicide, insecticide and even diverse notable pharmacological activities, was accomplished in four steps using commercially available materials. The synthesis, based on a unified and flexible strategy using 6-bromonicotinaldehyde as a common intermediate, is concise, convergent, practical and can be carried out on a two-gram scale. This approach could be readily applicable to the synthesis of its analogues. In addition, FA had a wide range of inhibitory activities against 14 plant pathogenic fungi in this study, which demonstrated that as a leading compound, and it has great potential to be further developed as an agricultural fungicide.

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Natural Fungicolous Regulators of Biscogniauxia destructiva sp. nov. That Causes Beech Bark Tarcrust in Southern European (Fagus sylvatica) Forests

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121999 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1999

Author(s):

Vladimir Vujanovic ◽

Seon Hwa Kim ◽

Jelena Latinovic ◽

Nedeljko Latinovic

Keyword(s):

Fagus Sylvatica ◽

National Park ◽

Introgressive Hybridization ◽

European Beech ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

The Novel ◽

Beech Forests ◽

Wide Range ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms

Mycoparasites are a collection of fungicolous eukaryotic organisms that occur on and are antagonistic to a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. To date, this fungal group has largely been neglected by biodiversity studies. However, this fungal group is of interest, as it may contain potential biocontrol agents of pathogenic fungi that cause beech Tarcrust disease (BTC), which has contributed to the devastation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. Biscogniauxia nummularia has been demonstrated to cause BTC. However, a trophic association between mycoparasites and pathogenic Biscogniauxia spp., has not been established. This study aimed to taxonomically identify and characterize Biscogniauxia, a fungus causing destructive BTC disease in European beech at Lovćen national park, Montenegro and to uncover the diversity of mycopathogens that are natural regulators of xylariaceous Biscogniauxia stroma formation, associated with beech decline. This finding is supported by distinctive phylogenetic and evolutionary characteristics, as well as unique morphological-microscopic fungal features indicating that Biscogniauxia from Montenegro, which is a major cause of BTC occurring in ancient beech forests at the edge of southern Fagus sylvatica distribution, may be described as a novel fungus specific to Fagus. Its evolutionary nuSSU–complete ITS–partial nuLSU rDNA phylogeny indicates its likely emergence by asexual fusion or introgressive hybridization between diverged B. nummularia and B. anceps species. The name Biscogniauxia destructiva is proposed for the novel fungus, as it is aggressive and highly destructive BTC disease.

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Efficacy of Allicin against Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Unveiling the Underlying Mode of Action Employing Yeast Based Chemogenetic Profiling Approach

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10072563 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 2563 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Sarfraz ◽

Muhammad Jawad Nasim ◽

Claus Jacob ◽

Martin C. H. Gruhlke

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Essential Gene ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Yeast Genome ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Mitochondrial Translation ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Wide Range

Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is the principal organosulfur compound present in freshly damaged garlic tissue which exhibits a wide range of biological actions including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer properties. The antifungal activities of allicin were investigated against plant pathogenic fungi of agriculture importance. Furthermore, a yeast genome haploinsufficiency screening was also employed to decipher the antifungal mode of action of allicin. Wildtype and 1152 yeast mutant strains (each deprived of one specific allele of an essential gene in a diploid strain) were screened against allicin. Allicin exhibited promising antifungal properties against all the tested plant pathogens. Haploinsufficiency screening revealed three hypersensitive yeast mutants with gene deletions coding for proteins involved in DNA replication, mitochondrial translation and chromatids cohesion. These processes play a vital role in the cell cycle, growth and viability of yeast cells. Taken together, the results of the present study unravel the excellent antifungal activities and mechanisms and modes of action of allicin. These findings also indicate the potential use of allicin as an alternative “green” fungicide (fumigant) in agriculture.

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Development of genome editing technologies for plant pathogenic fungi

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.86.264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 264

Author(s):

T. ARAZOE

Keyword(s):

Genome Editing ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi

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Comparative Fungicidal Activity of some Pure and Nanoemulsion Monoterpenes Effects on Soil Borne Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology ◽

10.21608/jppp.2018.43962 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 707-713

Author(s):

Mona Abdelrasoul ◽

G. Amer

Keyword(s):

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi

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Fungal Phytotoxins in Sustainable Weed Management

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170426152331 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 268-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maurizio Vurro ◽

Angela Boari ◽

Francesca Casella ◽

Maria Chiara Zonno

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Toxic Metabolites

Fungal phytotoxins are natural secondary metabolites produced by plant pathogenic fungi during host–pathogen interactions. They have received considerable particular attention for elucidating disease etiology, and consequently to design strategies for disease control. Due to wide differences in their chemical structures, these toxic metabolites have different ecological and environmental roles and mechanisms of action. This review aims at summarizing the studies on the possible use of these metabolites as tools in biological and integrated weed management, e.g. as: novel and environmentally friendly herbicides; lead for novel compounds; sources of novel mechanisms of action. Moreover, the limiting factors for utilizing those metabolites in practice will also be briefly discussed.

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First record of Pestalotiopsis spp. from affected leaves of mastic shrubs (Pestacia lentiscus L.) in northeastern of Libya.

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.08.004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (08) ◽

pp. 4744

Author(s):

Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali

Keyword(s):

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

First Record ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Pistacia Lentiscus ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Al Jabal Al Akhdar ◽

First Time

This study was carried out to identify the unknown different symptoms and their causes as plant pathogenic fungi from Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar District. Plant materials with fungal signs and symptoms were collected and examined. The main fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves and twigs were Pestalotiopsis spp. Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. My report the occurrence of Pestalotiopsis spp. on leaves of mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) for the first time in Libya.

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