scholarly journals Direct Etherification Reaction of Glycerol Using Alkali Metal Cation (Li+, Na+ and K+) Containing X-Type Zeolites as Heterogeneous Catalysts: Optimization of the Reaction Conditions

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Seo Kyung Park ◽  
Dae Won Kim ◽  
Su Yeon Lee ◽  
Je Seung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Alkali Metal Cation ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Type Zeolite

X-type zeolite (XZ-Na) containing Na+ as a cation was synthesized, and XZ-Li and XZ-K were prepared by exchanging the cations of XZ-Na with Li+ and K+, respectively. The specific surface areas, structures, and chemical compositions of the prepared zeolites were analyzed by BET, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The activity of the direct and selective etherifications of glycerol to diglycerol (DG) and triglycerol (TG) were investigated using each zeolite XZ-M (M = Li, Na or K) as a basic heterogeneous catalyst. The etherification reactions of glycerol were carried out at atmospheric pressure while controlling the reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of each zeolite. As the amount of each zeolite, reaction time, and reaction temperature increased, the conversion of glycerol also increased, but the selectivities of DG and TG decreased due to the increase in the production of oligomers. When each zeolite was used as a catalyst, the catalytic activity for the conversion of glycerol was observed as XZ-K > XZ-Li > XZ-Na, but the selectivities of DG and TG were observed as XZ-Li > XZ-Na > XZ-K. Especially, 3 wt.% of XZ-Li exhibited the excellent catalytic performance when the etherification of glycerol was optimized and carried out at 280 °C for 2 h: the conversion of glycerol was 89.6% and the yields of DG and TG were 61.2 and 21.2%, respectively.

Synthesis of Methylal from Methanol and Trioxane over Acidic Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 929-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Zhen Chen ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Zhi Rong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Β Zeolite ◽  
Acidic Resin

The synthesis of methylal from methanol and trioxane was investigated by using acidic resin as a catalyst, and a variety of solvents were also tested such as toluene, 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide. Comparatively, the organic solvent was suitable for obtaining the better catalytic performance. Among the acidic resin tested, Amberlyst15 showed the highest conversion. Moreover, the reaction conditions were optimized over the modified β zeolite. As a result, the proper reaction conditions are 1,4-dioxane as solvent, reaction temperature 70°C, n(methanol):n(trioxane) =2.2:1, with catalyst 5 wt% and reaction time 3 h. Under the above condition, the yield of methylal may reach about 62 % with Amberlyst 15.

Liquefaction of Cellulose in the Presence of Phenol and Main Reaction Pathway of its Liquefied Products

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Hao Feng ◽  
Zhi Feng Zheng ◽  
Yuan Bo Huang ◽  
Yun Wu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Condensation Polymerization ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Catalyst

The liquefaction of cellulose in the presence of phenol without or with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. The liquefied products were characterized by GC/MS and FTIR. Results showed that reaction temperature and reaction time had obvious effects on liquefaction of cellulose. Sulfuric acid showed an excellent catalytic degradation. The chemical compositions of the liquefied products produced using sulfuric acid catalyst or not were almost identical, and the majority of the identified liquefied products were methylene bisphenol and its isomers. During the process of liquefaction, the degradation of cellulose and condensation polymerization occurred at the same time. The last liquefied products were greatly dependent on the reaction conditions.

scholarly journals Synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol over metal carbonates

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiancheng Zhou ◽  
Wu Dongfang ◽  
Birong Zhang ◽  
Yali Guo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Lead Carbonate ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Mixed Carbonate

A series of single-metal carbonates and Pb-Zn mixed-metal carbonates were prepared as catalysts for alcoholysis of urea with 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC). The mixed carbonates all show much better catalytic activities than the single carbonates, arising from a strong synergistic effect between the two crystalline phases, hydrozincite and lead carbonate. The mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:2 gives the highest yield of PC, followed by the mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:3. Furthermore, Taguchi method was used to optimize the synthetic process for improving the yield of PC. It is shown that the reaction temperature is the most significant factor affecting the yield of PC, followed by the reaction time, and that the optimal reaction conditions are the reaction time at 5 hours, the reaction temperature at 180 oC and the catalyst amount at 1.8 wt%, resulting in the highest PC yield of 96.3%.

Synthesis of a Ruthenium Complex Based on 2,6-Bis[1-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1H-Benzo[d]Imidazol-2-yl]Pyridine and Catalytic Oxidation of (1H-Benzo[d]-Imidazol-2-yl)Methanol to 1H-Benzo[d]Imidazole-2-Carbaldehyde with H2O2

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Shenggui Liu ◽  
Rongkai Pan ◽  
Wenyi Su ◽  
Guobi Li ◽  
Chunlin Ni
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ruthenium Complex ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Optimal Reaction

2,6-Bis[1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine (bpbp), which has been synthesised by intramolecular thermocyclisation of N2,N6-bis[2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl]pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, reacts with sodium pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (pydic) and RuCl3 to give [Ru(bpbp)(pydic)] which can catalyse the oxidation of (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanol to 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbaldehyde by H2O2. The optimal reaction conditions were: molar ratios of catalyst to substrate to H2O2 set at 1: 1000: 3000; reaction temperature 50 °C; reaction time 5 h. The yield of (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) methanol was 70%.

Study on Catalytic Performance of Supported HPW/C Catalyst for Diethyl Adipate Synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1371-1374
Author(s):  
Ke Nian Wei ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Jiang Quan Ma ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Optimal Reaction

HPW/C catalysts were prepared using impregnation method. The physical chemistry properties of the catalysts were characterized employing XRD and NH3-TPD.The effects of HPW loading, catalyst amount and reaction time on the catalyst performances were investigated. The results more acid content and active center contribute to the reaction performance. Under the optimal reaction conditions of 0.8g 29%(w) HPW/C as the catalyst, n(adipic acid): n(ethanol):n(toluene)=1:6:1,5h,the etherification rate was 97.3%.

Desulfurization from Gasoline by Polymer Resin at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1283-1286
Author(s):  
Jian Peng Zhu ◽  
Chun Hu Li ◽  
Jia Ling Chen ◽  
Ying Wei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Polymer Resin ◽  
Mild Conditions

Abstract. Investigation of polymer resin as catalyst in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process has revealed that the method can be applied to make a relative high removal of sulfur compounds. The reaction conditions, including temperature, amount of oxidant and reaction time were studied. The best result occurs under mild conditions with respect to room temperature and atmospheric pressure, to remove 75.54% of the totle sulfur content in the presence of H2O2 with an O/S molar ratio of 17. Possible mechanism is also disscussed.

Preparation and Characterization of Cationic Cassia Tora Gum

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 526-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Ying Li ◽  
Chun Mei Niu ◽  
Hua Yu Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cassia Tora ◽  
Dispersing Agent

Series of cationic cassia tora gum (CCTG) were synthesized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as cationic etherifying agent, isopropanol-water solution as dispersing agent, in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. The optimum ratio for preparing the cationic cassia tora gum are that CHPTAC-CTG molar ratio is 0.6:1; NaOH-CHPTAC molar ratio is 1.3:1.The optimum conditions are that reaction temperature is 55°Cand reaction time is 3.5 h. The cold water solubility was improved apparently. The solution transmittance has corresponding relationship with the nitrogen content (N%) in the certain range, and the maximum transmittance is up to 87.2%. N% increased with the increase of reaction time and stable N% can be obtained in shorter reaction time at higher reaction temperature. The products were characterized by 13C-NMR. The heat resistance of CTG and CCTG were analyzed.

Catalytic Synthesis of Ethyl Acetate Using Ti2SnC

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 628-631
Author(s):  
Yun Hui Long ◽  
Jun Ming Guo ◽  
Du Shu Huang ◽  
Gui Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Catalytic Synthesis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
The Ideal

The catalytic synthesis of ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid using Ti2SnC in liquid phase under the atmospheric pressure was studied. The influences of some factors such as catalyst usage, initial reactant molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on acetic acid conversion rate of this reaction system were investigated. The acetic acid conversion rate of 88.12% is achieved while the molar ratio of alcohol and acid is 1:3.6, the amount of catalyst is 0.2000 g, the reaction temperature is 80 °C and the reaction time is 30min. The catalyst Ti2SnC is the ideal catalyst for synthesis of ethyl acetate for good catalytic performance, non-corrosive to equipment, easily separated from product and used repeatedly.

Synthesis of Butanone 1,2 - Propanediol Ketal by Sulfamic Acid as Catalyzed

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
Yu Hang Zhao ◽  
Li Cui ◽  
Da Zhi Wang ◽  
Tong Kuan Xu ◽  
Yong Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sulfamic Acid ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Butanone 1,2-propanediol ketal was synthesized by butanone and 1,2-propanediol as raw materials and sulfamic acid as catalyst. The effects of the mole ratio of raw materials agent, the dosage of the water-carrying agent and catalyst, reaction time on the product yield were discussed separately. Experimental results showed that sulfamic acid was a suitable catalyst for synthesizing of butanone 1,2-propanediol ketal. And the optimal reaction conditions are as follows: the mole ratio of butanone to 1,2-propanediol is 1:1.5, the amount of the catalyst is 2.2%, the water-carrying agent is 25ml, the reaction temperature is 358-378K and reaction time 3h. In this condition, the yield of production could reach 93.8%.

Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate from Ethyl Carbamate and Ethanol with Acid as Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 1081-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Ye Qin ◽  
Biao Liu ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Wen Bo Zhao ◽  
Shui Sheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Diethyl Carbonate ◽  
Bronsted Acid ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Brönsted Acid ◽  
Pyrophosphoric Acid

The catalytic activity of many Lewis and Bronsted acid for the synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC) from ethyl carbamate (EC) and ethanol was evaluated in a bath reactor. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P7O2) which showed the best activity was selected to further investigate the effect of reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, catalyst dose and reaction time, on the yield of DEC. Under the optimal conditions, DEC yield can reach 29.1%.

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