scholarly journals Strategies to Circumvent Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapas Patra ◽  
Ratna Ray ◽  
Ranjit Ray
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Spontaneous Clearance ◽  
Proinflammatory Response

Innate immune responses generate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and natural killer (NK) cell response. Ultimately, this leads to the induction of a robust virus-specific adaptive immunity. Although the host innate immune system senses and responds to eliminate virus infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades immune attack and establishes persistent infection within the liver. Spontaneous clearance of HCV infection is associated with a prompt induction of innate immunity generated in an infected host. In this review, we have highlighted the current knowledge of our understanding of host–HCV interactions, especially for endogenous interferon production, proinflammatory response, NK cell response, and complement activation, which may impair the generation of a strong adaptive immune response for establishment of chronicity. The information may provide novel strategies in augmenting therapeutic intervention against HCV.

scholarly journals ULBP1 is induced by hepatitis C virus infection and is the target of the NK cell-mediated innate immune response in human hepatocytes

FEBS Open Bio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromichi Dansako ◽  
Hirotaka Imai ◽  
Youki Ueda ◽  
Shinya Satoh ◽  
Takaji Wakita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Human Hepatocytes ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection

scholarly journals The Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Membranous Web in Liver Tissue

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Blanchard ◽  
Philippe Roingeard
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cell Membrane

Host cell membrane rearrangements induced by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been exclusively studied in vitro. These studies have shown that HCV induces double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), which probably serve to separate replication sites from the cytoplasmic sensors of the innate immune response. We report for the first time the observation of HCV-induced membrane rearrangements in liver biopsy specimens from patients chronically infected with HCV. Unlike observations performed in vitro, the membranous web detected in liver tissue seems essentially made of clusters of single-membrane vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and close to lipid droplets. This suggests that the DMVs could be a hallmark of laboratory-adapted HCV strains, possibly due to their ability to achieve a high level of replication. Alternatively, the concealment of viral RNA in DMVs may be part of innate immune response mechanisms particularly developed in hepatoma cell lines cultured in vitro. In any case, this constitutes the first report showing the differences in the membranous web established by HCV in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Knockdown of autophagy enhances the innate immune response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes

Hepatology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubham Shrivastava ◽  
Amit Raychoudhuri ◽  
Robert Steele ◽  
Ranjit Ray ◽  
Ratna B. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Daniel Sepulveda-Crespo ◽  
Salvador Resino ◽  
Isidoro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants

Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.

scholarly journals The Role of Type III Interferons in Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Bruening ◽  
Bettina Weigel ◽  
Gisa Gerold
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Interferon ◽  
Classical Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iii

The human interferon (IFN) response is a key innate immune mechanism to fight virus infection. IFNs are host-encoded secreted proteins, which induce IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral properties. Among the three classes of IFNs, type III IFNs, also called IFN lambdas (IFNLs), are an essential component of the innate immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV). In particular, human polymorphisms in IFNL gene loci correlate with hepatitis C disease progression and with treatment response. To date, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly elusive; however it seems clear that viral infection of the liver induces IFNL responses. As IFNL receptors show a more restricted tissue expression than receptors for other classes of IFNs, IFNL treatment has reduced side effects compared to the classical type I IFN treatment. In HCV therapy, however, IFNL will likely not play an important role as highly effective direct acting antivirals (DAA) exist. Here, we will review our current knowledge on IFNL gene expression, protein properties, signaling, ISG induction, and its implications on HCV infection and treatment. Finally, we will discuss the lessons learnt from the HCV and IFNL field for virus infections beyond hepatitis C.

scholarly journals HepG2 cells mount an effective antiviral interferon-lambda based innate immune response to hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Israelow ◽  
Christopher M. Narbus ◽  
Marion Sourisseau ◽  
Matthew J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
Interferon Lambda

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in the Infection and Subsequent Response to Hepatitis C Virus

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Gupta ◽  
Scott A. Read ◽  
Nicholas A. Shackel ◽  
Lionel Hebbard ◽  
Jacob George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Subsequent Response ◽  
Potent Immune Response

Micronutrient deficiencies develop for a variety of reasons, whether geographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, or as a result of disease pathologies such as chronic viral infection. As micronutrients are essential for a strong immune response, deficiencies can significantly dampen both the innate and the adaptive arms of antiviral immunity. The innate immune response in particular is crucial to protect against hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic virus that maintains chronic infection in up to 80% of individuals if left untreated. While many micronutrients are required for HCV replication, an overlapping group of micronutrients are also necessary to enact a potent immune response. As the liver is responsible for the storage and metabolism of many micronutrients, HCV persistence can influence the micronutrients’ steady state to benefit viral persistence both directly and by weakening the antiviral response. This review will focus on common micronutrients such as zinc, iron, copper, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. We will explore their role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection and in the response to antiviral therapy. While chronic hepatitis C virus infection drives deficiencies in micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, vitamin A and B12, it also stimulates copper and iron excess; these micronutrients influence antioxidant, inflammatory and immune responses to HCV.

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