scholarly journals Neonatal Seizures Revisited

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Konrad Kaminiów ◽  
Sylwia Kozak ◽  
Justyna Paprocka
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Seizures are the most common neurological disorder in newborns and are most prevalent in the neonatal period. They are mostly caused by severe disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, they can also be a sign of the immaturity of the infant’s brain, which is characterized by the presence of specific factors that increase excitation and reduce inhibition. The most common disorders which result in acute brain damage and can manifest as seizures in neonates include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, infections of the CNS as well as electrolyte and biochemical disturbances. The therapeutic management of neonates and the prognosis are different depending on the etiology of the disorders that cause seizures which can lead to death or disability. Therefore, establishing a prompt diagnosis and implementing appropriate treatment are significant, as they can limit adverse long-term effects and improve outcomes. In this review paper, we present the latest reports on the etiology, pathomechanism, clinical symptoms and guidelines for the management of neonates with acute symptomatic seizures.

scholarly journals Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis – a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Justyna Wiśniowska ◽  
◽  
Kamilla Puławska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Model ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Factors

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms seen in patients with multiple sclerosis. Cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy can be a non-pharmacological approach for these patients. Van Kessel and Moss-Morris developed a cognitive-behavioural model to explain multiple sclerosis-related fatigue (2006). According to this model, inflammatory and demyelinating factors present in the central nervous system trigger fatigue, while cognitive interpretation, anxiety, or depressive symptoms and resting lifestyle are maintaining factors. Based on the cognitive-behavioural model of fatigue in multiple sclerosis, a protocol encompassing 8 treatment sessions was developed. For over 10 years, studies have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy in the treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. The so far obtained results show that cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy has a moderate short-term effect on reducing fatigue, while the effect size in the long-term is small. The obtained results were undoubtedly influenced by several factors: the heterogeneity of the procedures used, the size of the research groups, and the large number of disease-related intermediary variables. Further research should be conducted to identify specific factors responsible for the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy in the treatment of fatigue and to assess the long-term effects of therapy.

scholarly journals The Use of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Chronic Joint Pain: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Blanshan ◽  
Hollis Krug
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Peripheral Sensitization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Neuropeptide Release ◽  
Osteoarthritis Pain ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Chronic osteoarthritis pain is an increasing worldwide problem. Treatment for osteoarthritis pain is generally inadequate or fraught with potential toxicities. Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of neuropeptide release. Paralytic toxicity is due to inhibition at the neuromuscular junction, and this effect has been utilized for treatments of painful dystonias. Pain relief following BoNT muscle injection has been noted to be more significant than muscle weakness and hypothesized to occur because of the inhibition of peripheral neuropeptide release and reduction of peripheral sensitization. Because of this observation, BoNT has been studied as an intra-articular (IA) analgesic for chronic joint pain. In clinical trials, BoNT appears to be effective for nociceptive joint pain. No toxicity has been reported. In preclinical models of joint pain, BoNT is similarly effective. Examination of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the central nervous system has shown that catalytically active BoNT is retrogradely transported by neurons and then transcytosed to afferent synapses in the brain. This suggests that pain relief may also be due to the central effects of the drug. In summary, BoNT appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of chronic joint pain. The long-term effects of IA BoNT are still being determined.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular Disease; A Leading Cause of Epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Obata ◽  
Kazuaki Sato ◽  
Hiroya Ohara ◽  
Masako Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Cerebrovascular Lesions ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Subcortical Infarction

Various types of cerebrovascular diseases can result in epilepsy in any age, especially in the elderly. Besides well-known cause of epilepsy as large cerebral infarction involving cerebral cortex and intracerebral hemorrhage, there are growing evidences of roles of subcortical infarction, chronic subdural hematoma, and superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We review here the epidemiology and possible predictors of epilepsy in each type of cerebrovascular lesions and summarize the characteristics of semiology and electroencephalography findings in order to take early treatment strategy. Additionally, relevance of acute-symptomatic seizures and status epilepticus to epilepsy is discussed.

scholarly journals Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: An Underestimated Cause of Pediatric Thromboembolism

TH Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. e36-e39
Author(s):  
Christina Griesser ◽  
Michael Myskiw ◽  
Werner Streif
Keyword(s):  
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Bone Marrow Failure ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Appropriate Treatment

AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a chronic disease caused by complement-mediated hemolysis. Clinical symptoms include intravascular hemolysis, nocturnal hemoglobinuria, thromboses, cytopenia, fatigue, abdominal pain, and a strong tendency toward bone marrow failure. It is a rare disease, especially in children, with high mortality rates without appropriate treatment.We here present the case of a 17-year-old girl with unprovoked muscle vein thrombosis. Flow cytometric analysis showed deficiency of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins on all three hematopoietic cell lines and confirmed the diagnosis of PNH. Treatment with the monoclonal antibody eculizumab achieved long-term remission.As flow cytometry is normally not part of the routine diagnostics for pediatric thrombosis, awareness is crucial and PNH is important to consider in all children with thrombosis at atypical sites and abnormalities in blood counts with regard to hemolysis and cytopenia.

Slow-Release Terbutaline and Theophylline for the Long-Term Therapy of Children With Asthma: A Latin Square and Factorial Study of Drug Effects and Interactions

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Olivia Kit Wun Chow ◽  
Kam Pui Fung
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Children With Asthma

To evaluate the long-term effects of slow-release formulations of theophylline and terbutaline on pulmonary function, clinical symptoms, and side effects, 24 children with stable and moderately severe perennial asthma participated in a prospective double-blind crossover study. The patients and the treatments were randomized according to the Latin square design to eliminate all possible period/climate biases throughout the protracted study period. The treatments consisted of terbutaline, 5 mg, theophylline, 200 mg, the combination, and placebo, given twice daily orally and crossing over every 28 days. The two drugs, administered alone or in combination, improved lung function and symptoms when compared with placebo. The interaction of theophylline and terbutaline was quantitatively shown by 2 x 2 factorial statistical design to be essentially additive rather than synergistic in the control of asthma. No increase in side effects was noted when the combined therapy was used. These findings suggest therapeutic advantages to combining submaximal oral doses of sustained-release theophylline and terbutaline for the long-term treatment of children with asthma.

scholarly journals The influence of occupational environment and professional factors on the risk of cardiovascular disease

Medicina ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Obelenis ◽  
Vilija Malinauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The article reviews the recent scientific literature and the authors’ studies on this topic. Occupational conditions and psychological factors have been shown to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Their effect is often indirect, through damage to the central nervous, respiratory, and neuroendocrine systems. Hot climate in the workplace and intense infrared radiation cause the water and electrolyte imbalance and chronic hyperthermia and manifests as neurovegetative dystonia. The long-term effects of low temperatures condition ischemic lesions in circulatory system, trophic organ destruction. The influence of ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the cardiovascular system is directly related to the central nervous system and neurohumoral lesions. “Microwave disease” often manifests as polymorphic dystonia. Exposure to occupational vibration causes “white finger” syndrome or Raynaud’s phenomenon together with cerebral vascular lesions. Recent studies have confirmed that noise as a chronic stressor causes the imbalance in the central and vegetative nervous systems and changes in homeostasis. Noise increases catecholamine and cholesterol concentration in blood, has an effect on plasma lipoprotein levels, increases heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and risk of myocardial infarction. Psychophysiological changes caused by long-term stress influence constant pathological changes in the central nervous system, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. The long-term effect of psychogenic stressors is very important in the etiopathogenesis of psychosomatic diseases.

The long-term effects of cranial irradiation on the central nervous system

Cancer ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (S7) ◽  
pp. 1841-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia K. Duffner ◽  
Michael E. Cohen ◽  
Patrick R. M. Thomas ◽  
Shirley B. Lansky
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Irradiation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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