scholarly journals Co-Crystallization Kinetics of 2:1 Benzoic Acid–Sodium Benzoate Co-Crystal: The Effect of Templating Molecules in a Solution

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Freshsya Zata Lini ◽  
Dhanang Edy Pratama ◽  
Tu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Supramolecular Assemblies ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Crystal Habit ◽  
Free Energy Barrier ◽  
Kinetics Of

The addition of dissolved templating molecules in crystallization will create “supramolecular assemblies” within the solution, serving as “anchor points” for the solute molecules to nucleate and grow. In this work, nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of 2:1 benzoic acid (HBz)–sodium benzoate (NaBz) co-crystallization with or without templates in a solution were analyzed by monitoring the concentration of the mother liquor during cooling crystallization. The results showed that the addition of the dissolved 2:1 or 1:1 HBz–NaBz co-crystals as templating molecules could reduce the critical free energy barrier of 2:1 HBz–NaBz co-crystal during its nucleation, but did not significantly affect the order of crystal growth rate. On the other hand, the critical free energy barrier of the nucleation process was increased if dissolved NaBz was used as a templating molecule, while a significant rise in the order of crystal growth rate occurred. The crystal habit obtained from the NaBz-templated system was needle-like, suggesting that sodium–sodium coordination chains of NaBz supramolecular assemblies in the solution phase were responsible for creating elongated crystals. Conversely, a large prismatic crystal habit found in non-templated and 2:1 and 1:1 HBz–NaBz co-crystal-templated systems implied that those templating molecules formed sparsely interconnected supramolecular assemblies in the solution phase.

Crystal-growth kinetics of protein single crystals along capillary tubes in the gel-acupuncture technique

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Moreno ◽  
Manuel Soriano-García
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Acta Cryst ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Kinetics Of

In attempts to obtain protein crystals of a sufficient size for structural studies, lack of knowledge of the physicochemical properties of protein solutions and of their crystal-growth behaviour lead to a bottleneck for drug design as well as for X-ray crystallography. Most formal investigations on crystal-growth phenomena have been focused on equilibrium studies, where the protein is soluble, and on the kinetics of crystal growth, which is related to both nucleation and crystal-growth phenomena. The aim of this work is to measure the crystal-growth rate along a capillary tube used as a growing cell. These experiments were carried out using the gel-acupuncture technique [García-Ruiz et al. (1993). Mater. Res. Bull. 28, 541–546; García-Ruiz & Moreno (1994). Acta Cryst. D50, 484–490; García-Ruiz & Moreno (1997). J. Cryst. Growth, 178, 393–401]. Crystal-growth investigations took place using lysozyme and thaumatin I as standard proteins. The maximum average growth rate obtained in the lower part of the capillary tube was about 35 Å s−1 and the minimum average growing rate in the upper part of the capillary tube was about 8 Å s−1. The crystal-growth rate as a function of the supersaturation was experimentally estimated at a constant height along the capillary tube.

Studies on nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of plutonium(IV) oxalatex

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanbo Li ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Taihong Yan ◽  
Weifang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Nucleation Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Secondary Nucleation ◽  
Supersaturation Ratio ◽  
Crystal Growth Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A new method is developed to calculate the dilution ratio N of the two reactant solutions during nucleation rate determination. When the initial apparent supersaturation ratio S N  = f(N) in the dilution tank is controlled between 1.66 and 1.67, the counted nuclei is the most, both nuclei dissolving and secondary nucleation avoided satisfactorily. Based on this methoed, Plutonium(IV) oxalate is precipitated by mixing equal volumes of tetravalent plutonium nitrate and oxalic acid solutions. Experiments are carried out by varying the supersaturation ratio from 8.37 to 22.47 and temperature from 25 to 50 °C. The experimental results show that the nucleation rate of plutonium(IV) oxalate in the supersaturation range cited above can be expressed by the equation R N  = A N exp(−E a /RT)exp[−B/(ln S)2], where A N  = 4.8 × 1023 m−3 s−1 , and E a  = 36.2 kJ mol−1, and B = 20.2. The crystal growth rate of plutonium(IV) oxalate is determined by adding seed crystals into a batch crystallizer. The crystal growth rate can be expressed by equation G(t) = k g exp(−E’ a /RT) (c − c eq) g , where k g  = 7.3 × 10−7 (mol/L)−1.1(m/s), E’ a  = 25.7 kJ mol−1, and g = 1.1.

scholarly journals Mechanism and kinetics of the electrocatalytic reaction responsible for the high cost of hydrogen fuel cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 2666-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Cheng ◽  
William A Goddard ◽  
Qi An ◽  
Hai Xiao ◽  
Boris Merinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Free Energy Barrier ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Applied Potential ◽  
Mechanism And Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Electrocatalytic Reaction

Free energy barrier as a function of applied potential for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) on Pt(111) surface.

Experimental Measurements of Nucleation Frequency and Crystal Growth Rate in Pd-Cu-Ni-P Metallic Glass

1998 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Nishiyama ◽  
Akihisa Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Melting Temperature ◽  
Glass Forming ◽  
Mechanism And Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractCrystallization mechanism and kinetics of a Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 glass was investigated in a wide temperature range from 603 (near the glass transition temperature) to 764 K (near the equilibrium melting temperature) by using an isothermal annealing treatment for nucleation and growth. The nucleus density (nv) is about 5 × 1013 nuclei/m3 and is independent of annealing temperature. Therefore, it is assumed that the crystallization of the alloy was dominated by heterogeneous nucleation due to “quenched-in nuclei”. On the other hand, the crystal growth rate (Uc) increases from 1.07 × 10− to 5.68 × 10−5 m/s with rising annealing temperature from 603 to 764 K. These values of Uc are 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than the calculated Uc on the basis of Classical Nucleation and Growth Theory (CNT). Furthermore, the glass-forming ability of the alloy will be discussed in the framework of the present results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document