scholarly journals Development of Planning and Operation Guidelines for Strategic Grid Planning of Urban Low-Voltage Grids with a New Supply Task

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-652
Author(s):  
Patrick Wintzek ◽  
Shawki Alsayed Ali ◽  
Markus Zdrallek ◽  
Julian Monscheidt ◽  
Ben Gemsjäger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Grid Planning ◽  
Distribution Grids ◽  
Planning And Operation

In contrast to rural distribution grids, which are mostly “feed-in oriented” in terms of electrical power, urban distribution grids are “load oriented”, as the number of customer connections and density of loads in urban areas is significantly higher than in rural areas. Taking into account the progressive electrification of the transport and heating sector, it is necessary to assess the required grid optimization or expansion measures from a conventional, as well as an innovative point of view. This is necessary in order to be able to contain the enormous investment volumes needed for transforming the energy system and aligning the infrastructures to their future requirements in time. Therefore, this article first explains the methodological approach of allocating scenarios of the development of electric mobility and heat pumps to analyzed grids. The article continues with describing which power values need to be applied and which conventional and innovative planning measures are available for avoiding voltage band violations and equipment overloads within the framework of strategic grid planning. Subsequently, the results of grid planning studies are outlined and evaluated with an assessment model that evaluates capital as well as operational costs. On this basis, planning and operation guidelines for urban low-voltage grids are derived. The main result is that low-voltage grids can accommodate charging infrastructure for electric mobility, as well as heat pumps to a certain degree. In addition, it is concluded that conventional planning measures are not completely avoidable, but can be partially avoided or deferred through dynamic load management.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Grid Capacities for Integrating Future E-Mobility and Heat Pumps into Low-Voltage Grids

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5083
Author(s):  
Bernd Thormann ◽  
Thomas Kienberger
Keyword(s):  
Static Load ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
Static Approach ◽  
Grid Planning

While an area-wide implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric heat pumps (HPs) will contribute to a decarbonization of the energy system, they represent new challenges for existing low-voltage (LV) power grids. Hence, this study investigates potential grid congestions on the basis of three contrasting load approaches applied to four different grid regions. Within the three load approaches, temporal characteristics of various grid customer classes (EVs, HPs, households etc.) are derived from highly resolved realistic load profiles. In accordance with classic grid planning, firstly a static load approach is analyzed by applying the modeled coincidence for each consumer class individually. Secondly, this static approach is modified by including combined coincidence factors, taking temporal consumer class interactions into account. Finally, both static load approaches are compared with detailed annual time series analyses by means of load flow simulations using real-life LV grid data. The evaluation of inadmissible voltage characteristics and thermal congestions identifies future grid extension needs depending on the considered grid region. In addition, the variation of the applied load approach highlights the need to consider consumer-specific temporal behavior. In fact, by neglecting temporal interactions between conventional and future grid customers, the classic grid planning approach overestimates future grid extension needs. To counteract an oversizing of future grid structures, this paper presents a combined consideration of EVs’ and HPs’ coincidence as well as resulting grid consequences on the LV level.

scholarly journals Underground Built Heritage as catalyser for Community Valorisation. Underground4value

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Pace ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This paper is about how framing an innovative approach for community empowerment by organising networks and consortia for preparing proposals in different research programme frameworks. In the beginning, there was as study for classifying underground spaces and using them as a solution for a sustainable over ground urban development. By advancing in the proposals preparation, the team developed a completely different vision. The underground space was more and more seen as a place for building local identity and sense of belonging, progressing from a functional to a cultural value, from a site conservation to a community valorisation approach, by giving centrality to the people and their needs. As first step, the project faced the challenge of regenerating urban areas by realising Underground Built Heritage potential for local communities and experimenting a methodological approach on sustainability transition. Just like a story, the paper describes the evolution of the approaches, and the implementation of the activities, also if unsuccessful in the competition. The consortium grew and matured, a network based on strong analysis and revision, whose members developed an impressive social capital and learned by any failure. Piece by piece, this network was able to achieve the success, and to start a COST Action, the CA 18110 “Underground Built Heritage as catalyser for Community Valorisation”. The Action, funded for establishing and implementing an expert network, promotes balanced and sustainable approaches to preserve the Underground Built Heritage (UBH) and, at the same time, to realise the potential of the underground space in urban and rural areas for regeneration policies. The paper finally explains how a wellmotivated group of people can transform a network activity, with a little budget, in a research and on field project and how such a network can provide innovative tools for engaging and empowering local communities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Development Possibilities of Distribution Grid State Forecasts

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1891
Author(s):  
Jessica Hermanns ◽  
Marcel Modemann ◽  
Kamil Korotkiewicz ◽  
Frederik Paulat ◽  
Kevin Kotthaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Distribution Grids ◽  
Base Load

The number of renewable energy systems is still increasing. To reduce the worldwide CO2 emissions, there will be even more challenges in the distribution grids like currently upcoming charging stations or heat pumps. All these new electric systems in the low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) levels are characterized by an unsteady behavior. To monitor and predict the behavior of these new flexible systems, a grid state forecast is needed. This software tool calculates wind, photovoltaic, and load forecasts. These power forecasts are already in the focus of research, but there are some specific use cases, which require a more specific solution. To get a variously applicable software tool, different new functions to improve an already existing grid state forecast tool were developed and evaluated. For example, it will be proofed if a grid state forecast tool can be improved by calculating the number or the base load of the loads in grid areas by just one available measurement. Another big subject exists in the exchange of forecast information between different voltage levels. How this can be realized and how big the effect on the forecast quality is, will be analyzed. The results of these evaluations will be shown in this paper.

scholarly journals The characteristics of lightning risk and zoning in Beijing simulated by a risk assessment model

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1985-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hu ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
J. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Location Factor ◽  
Property Loss

Abstract. In this study, the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash/stroke density was derived from the lightning location finder (LLF) data recorded between 2007 and 2011. The vulnerability of land surfaces was then assessed from the classification of the study areas into buildings, outdoor areas under the building canopy and open-field areas, which makes it convenient to deduce the location factor and confirm the protective capability. Subsequently, the potential number of dangerous lightning events at a location could be estimated from the product of the CG stroke density and the location's vulnerability. Although the human beings and all their material properties are identically exposed to lightning, the lightning casualty risk and property loss risk was assessed respectively due to their vulnerability discrepancy. Our analysis of the CG flash density in Beijing revealed that the valley of JuMaHe to the southwest, the ChangPing–ShunYi zone downwind of the Beijing metropolis, and the mountainous PingGu–MiYun zone near the coast are the most active lightning areas, with densities greater than 1.5 flashes km−2 year−1. Moreover, the mountainous northeastern, northern, and northwestern rural areas are relatively more vulnerable to lightning because the high-elevation terrain attracts lightning and there is little protection. In contrast, lightning incidents by induced lightning are most likely to occur in densely populated urban areas, and the property damage caused by lightning here is more extensive than that in suburban and rural areas. However, casualty incidents caused by direct lightning strokes seldom occur in urban areas. On the other hand, the simulation based on the lightning risk assessment model (LRAM) demonstrates that the casualty risk is higher in rural areas, whereas the property loss risk is higher in urban areas, and this conclusion is also supported by the historical casualty and damage reports.

scholarly journals Application and Evaluation of Load Management Systems in Urban Low-Voltage Grid Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Patrick Wintzek ◽  
Shawki Alsayed Ali ◽  
Kevin Kotthaus ◽  
Julian Wruk ◽  
Markus Zdrallek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Load Types ◽  
Grid Planning

Not all urban low-voltage grids will be able to integrate new loads such as charging infrastructure for electric mobility or electrical heat pumps into existing structures without further measures. Therefore, this article analyzes to what extent load management is more cost-effective than conventional grid expansion. Methodically, the different load types are first apportioned from country to grid-level on the basis of different parameters. Subsequently, both conventional grid planning as a reference variant and innovative grid planning with different variants of load management are carried out. As a result, it can be summarized that the future success of load management is strongly dependent on its costs and whether the necessary information and communication technology is already deployed in the grids. Regardless of the costs, there is also considerable potential for savings in conventional grid expansions.

scholarly journals Comparing historical-hydrogeomorphological reconstitution and hydrological-hydraulic modelling in the estimation of flood-prone areas – a case study in Central Portugal

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1669-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Santos ◽  
A. O. Tavares ◽  
A. I. A. S. S. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Hydraulic Modelling ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Flood Prone Areas

Abstract. The Arunca River basin in Central Portugal has a historical record of hazardous events related to floods, causing widespread disturbance. This article describes the application of two approaches based on well-known methods for the estimation of flood-prone areas: (i) historical-hydrogeomorphological reconstitution, applied to the entire Arunca River basin, and (ii) hydrological-hydraulic modelling, applied to four sections selected from different (upper, middle and lower) sectors of the basin and including urban and rural areas along the Arunca River. The mapping of the flood-prone areas obtained by these two methods was compared in order to identify the main differences and similarities. Human interventions (river channel and floodplain morphological changes) were found to be the main factor explaining the differences and similarities between the results obtained by both methods. The application of hydrological-hydraulic modelling proved important in reinforcing the results of the historical-hydrogeomorphological method; it also helped in complementing the results produced by the latter method in urban areas and in areas with insufficient historical records. The application of the historical-hydrogeomorphological method, in turn, allowed for the size of the flood-prone areas to be determined where the primary data (e.g. geometry, roughness and flow) was not accurate enough for hydrological-hydraulic modelling. The methodological approach adopted demonstrates the strong complementary relationship between the different existing methods for estimating flood-prone areas, and may be reproduced for other drainage basins.

scholarly journals The Electric Riverboat Charging Station Location Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Daniel Villa ◽  
Alejandro Montoya ◽  
Aura Maria Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Location Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Viability Analysis ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Station Location

Nowadays, the electric mobility is mainly focused on urban areas. However, the use of Photovoltaic-assisted Charging Stations (PVCSs) can contribute to implement the electric mobility in rural areas disconnected from the national grid. Inspired by the new river operations with an Electric Boat (EB), we introduce a new location problem named the Electric Riverboat Charging Station Location Problem (ERCSLP). This problem estimates the necessary infrastructure for an EB to be able to perform a round trip. In this case, we decide the location of the PVCSs and the size of the EB battery aiming to minimize the sum of the PVCS and the EB battery costs. In this problem, we include the nonlinear behavior of the charging function and the variation of the solar radiation. For solving this problem, we propose a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation. For testing this MILP formulation, we build a set of instances based on real river transport operations that have the potential to migrate to the electric mobility. In our computational experiments, we show that our MILP formulation can find the optimal solution of the instances. Finally, we perform a sensitivity analysis and an economic viability analysis of the electric mobility in these operations.

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