Future Property Risk Estimation For Wildfire In Louisiana, USA

Background: Wildfire is an important but understudied natural hazard. As with other natural hazards, wildfire research is all too often conducted at too broad a spatial scale to identify local or regional patterns. This study addresses these gaps by examining the current and future wildfire property risk at the census-block level in Louisiana, a U.S. state with relatively dense population and substantial vulnerability to loss from this hazard, despite its wet climate. Here wildfire risk is defined as the product of exposure and vulnerability to the hazard, where exposure is a function of the historical and anticipated future wildfire frequency and extent, and the latter is a function of population, structure and content property value, damage probability, and percent of property damaged. Results: Historical (1992−2015) average annual statewide property loss due to wildfire was $5,556,389 (2010$), with the greatest risk to wildfire in southwestern inland, east-central, extreme northwestern, and coastal southwestern Louisiana. Based on existing climate and environmental model output, this research projects that wildfire will increase by 25 percent by 2050 in Louisiana from current values. When combined with projections of population and property value, it is determined that the geographic distribution of risk by 2050 will remain similar to that today – with highest risk in southwestern inland Louisiana and east-central Louisiana. However, the magnitude of risk will increase across the state, especially in those areas. Projected annual loss will be $11,167,496 by 2050 (2010$) due to population growth, intensification of development at the wildland-urban interface, and climate change. The wildfire-induced property damage is notable because it is projected to increase by 101 percent. These values do not include crop, forestry, or indirect losses (e.g., cost of evacuation and missed time at work), which are likely to be substantial. Conclusions: The results suggest that increased efforts are needed to contain wildfires, to reduce the future risk. Otherwise, wildfire managers, environmental planners, actuaries, community leaders, and individual property owners in Louisiana will need to anticipate and budget for additional efforts to mitigate the economic (and presumably other) impacts associated with a substantial and increasing hazard that often goes underestimated.

FIQH AL-JINAYAT IN SOLVING CRIMES COMMITTED BY UNDERAGE CHILDREN

Crimes committed by underage children are worsening day by day, starting from homicide, molestation, property damage, to abuse. In 2017, an upsetting tragedy happened, a tahfiz school was burned and killed 23 students. Authorities then found out that the tragedy was caused by 7 underage teenagers. There are a lot of similar tragedies that involve underage teenagers that caused property loss. As an example, some burglary cases that were committed by children aged 12. These crimes involving underage children need to be handled by all different parties. In Islamic Law, there are discussions about the sentences for the underage criminals. Through this paperwork, the writer will discuss the methods used in Islamic law, in dealing with crimes committed by underage children from various fiqh madhab.

Study on Collapse Resistance of RC Frame under the Corner Column Removal Scenario

The progressive collapse of buildings induces a variety of catastrophic consequences, such as casualties and property loss over the past few decades. The corner column is more prone to abnormal load events compared to the inner column and outer column; thus, it is easier to trigger progressive collapse. By considering the effects of floor slabs and adjacent bays on progressive collapse behavior, the pseudo-static loading method was used to study the progressive collapse test of a 1/3 scaled, one story, 2 × 2-bay cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame substructure under the removal condition of a corner column. The test results show that the flexural deformation principally concentrates upon the components of a directly affected part (DAP), and compressive arch actions are observed in members of the indirectly affected part (IAP). Moreover, the slab adjacent to the removed column and periphery elements contributes great resistance to a progressive collapse.

Property Risk Assessment of Sinkhole Hazard in Louisiana, U.S.A

Sinkholes (or dolines) are an often-overlooked environmental hazard. The processes that lead to their formation are slow and insidious, which encourage a lack of awareness or concern for the potential danger, until the sudden, climactic formation leads to unexpected property damage and possibly human casualties. This research identifies the risk to residential properties to the sinkhole hazard, using Louisiana, United States as a case study. Risk is defined as the product of the hazard intensity and the loss to structure and contents within the building resulting from the hazard-related disaster. Results suggest that risk is highly scale-dependent. Although the risk due to sinkholes is small on a per capita basis statewide, especially when compared to the per capita risk of other natural hazards, the property risk for census tracts or census blocks partially or completely overlying a salt dome is substantial. At finer scales, Terrebonne Parish, in coastal southeastern Louisiana, has the greatest concentration of salt domes, while Madison Parish, which is east of Monroe, has the highest percentage of area at risk for sinkhole formation, and St. Mary Parish—immediately west of Terrebonne—has the greatest risk of property loss. An Acadia Parish census tract has the maximum annual property losses in 2050 projected at $40,047 (2010$), and the highest projected annual per building ($43) and per capita ($18) property loss are in the same St. Mary Parish census tract. At the census block level, maximum annual property loss ($7,040) is projected for a census block within Cameron Parish, with maximum annual per building loss ($85 within West Baton Rouge Parish), and maximum per capita annual property loss ($120 within Plaquemines Parish). The method presented in this paper is developed generally, allowing application for risk assessment in other locations. The results generated by the methodology are important to local, state, and national emergency management efforts. Further, the general public of Louisiana, and other areas where the developed method is applied, may benefit by considering sinkhole risk when purchasing, remodeling, and insuring a property, including as a basis of comparison to the risk from other types of hazard.

DETERMINATION OF THE LEGAL STATUS FOR DISASTER EMERGENCY IN INDONESIA

Article 7 paragraph (2) of the Law Number 24 Year 2007 concerning Disaster Management (UUPB) stipulates that the establishment of a disaster emergency status must contain indicators that include the number of victims, property loss, the damage of the infrastructure and facilities, the extent to which an area is affected by the disaster and the socio-economic impacts that arise. Paragraph (3) of the article states that further provisions regarding the establishment of the status and the level of the disaster are regulated through a Presidential Regulation. However, the Presidential Regulation has not yet been issued while the Letter of Decision on the Disaster Emergency Status continues to be published, which causes legal uncertainty in its implementation. Hence this article investigates the legal mechanism in determining a disaster emergency status that guarantees legal certainty, its legal implications, and steps the (central) Government and the Regional Government should take in dealing with such legal implications. The research method employed in this study is the juridical normative research. Research on disaster legislation, especially in determining disaster emergency status, has not yet demonstrated legal certainty. This is due to the absence of legal mechanisms and positive legal formalities that are built from legal facts that lead to multiple interpretations and to legal disputes. The absence of the Presidential Regulation (Perpres) as a UUPB manifestation for determining the emergency status of a disaster as stipulated by autonomous provinces/districts (Decree) has contributed to the potential arbitrary use of state funds. Therefore, the Presidential regulation is urgently required.

Property Risk Assessment for Expansive Soils in Louisiana

The physical properties of soil can affect the stability of construction. In particular, soil swelling potential (a term which includes swelling/shrinking) is often overlooked as a natural hazard. Similar to risk assessment for other hazards, assessing risk for soil swelling can be defined as the product of the probability of the hazard and the value of property subjected to the hazard. This research utilizes past engineering and geological assessments of soil swelling potential, along with economic data from the U.S. Census, to assess the risk for soil swelling at the census-block level in Louisiana, a U.S. state with a relatively dense population that is vulnerable to expansive soils. Results suggest that the coastal parts of the state face the highest risk, particularly in the areas of greater population concentrations, but that all developed parts of the state have some risk. The annual historical property loss, per capita property loss, and per building property loss are all concentrated in southeastern Louisiana and extreme southwestern Louisiana, but the concentration of wealth in cities increases the historical property loss in most of the urban areas. Projections of loss by 2050 show a similar pattern, but with increased per building loss in and around a swath of cities across southwestern and south-central Louisiana. These results may assist engineers, architects, and developers as they strive to enhance the resilience of buildings and infrastructure to the multitude of environmental hazards in Louisiana.

Flood and Hypertension: A Systematic Review

Background: Several studies have been conducted on the effects of floods on the health of the affected community. We aimed to determine the effects of floods as the most common disaster on hypertension as one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Material and Methods: The 4 databases, including Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched with the search strategy protocol up to the end of 2020. Grey literature database and websites of WHO, UNDRR, and Prevention Web also searched. After removing duplicate articles, abstracts of the relevant titles were reviewed and eligible articles were included for full text review. Finally, the study variables were extracted from selected articles. Results: The search strategy resulted in 8 final relevant articles from total number of 48980 articles. All final articles noted meaningful effect of flood on hypertension. There were founded positive correlation between anxiety level, property loss, financial loss, physical activity, use of alcoholic beverages, interruption of medication and medical cares with hypertension. Different studies have reported also long-term effects of flooding on blood pressure. Conclusions: The flood has effect on blood pressure in affected population. According to the importance of hypertension and its burden, screening are recommended in the affected community. Keywords: Hypertension, Disaster, Flood, Blood pressure

The Relationship between Intellectual Property Risk and Stability of Asymmetric Research and Development Alliance

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) establish asymmetric research and development (R&D) alliance with core enterprises to improve innovation efficiency. Unfortunately, the gap in the status and bargaining power between enterprises in such partnerships makes the intellectual property risk situation complicated. While gaining support and assistance from core enterprises, SMEs face the risk of exposing their core knowledge and key resources, which seriously affects the stability of R&D alliance and the sustainability of cooperative innovation. How to protect the intellectual property rights of SMEs in the asymmetric R&D alliance and improve the alliance’s stability is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the theory of resource dependence and transaction cost, this study uses 260 high-tech companies participating in the asymmetric R&D alliance as a sample to conduct empirical research from the perspective of SMEs in a weak position. The purpose of this study is to sort out the types of intellectual property risks in the alliance and clarify the relationship between them and the stability of asymmetric R&D alliance. Furthermore, this study examines the moderating effects of contract governance mechanisms and relational contracts to explore effective governance mechanisms at the alliance level. Empirical results show that the intellectual property investment risk and the intellectual property loss risk have a significant negative impact on the stability of asymmetric R&D alliance. The contract governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property investment risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance. The relationship governance mechanism negatively moderates the impact of intellectual property loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance. The contract and relationship governance mechanism jointly negatively moderate the impact of intellectual property investment risk and loss risk on the stability of the asymmetric R&D alliance.

Numerical experimental comparison of mudflow by smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)

Flow-like landslides are a serious geologic hazard that can cause life and property loss all over the world. Mudflow is a kind of debris flow that has been classified as a non-Newtonian flow. The Smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) is a powerful tool for modeling fluids, such as debris/mudflows, which can be described in terms of local interactions of their constituent parts. In this paper, the Herschel-Buckley rheology model and SPH are used to simulate free-surface mudflow under the gate. The run-out distance and velocity of mudflow during the time are calculated with numerical simulation and compared with the laboratory result. Our results indicate the rate of increase of run-out and viscosity in the computer model is more than the experimental model and it is because of friction that is assumed to be zero. In the computer simulation, friction is exactly zero but in the experimental model, it could be measured and assumed zero. Finally, Abacus had a good result and can be used for mudflow simulation and protection of run-out distance and viscosity.

Gambaran Korban Meninggal Dunia dengan Cedera Kepala pada Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Bagian Forensik RSUP dr M Djamil Padang Tahun 2018-2019

Background. A traffic accident is an incident on the road which accidentally involves a vehicle with or without other road users which results in human casualties and/or property loss. The most common injury that occurs during traffic accidents is head injury. Head injury due to traffic accidents is a major cause of disability and mortality in developing countries.Objective. To analyze the overview of victim who died with head injury in traffic accidents at the forensic department of DR. M. Djamil Padang 2018-2019.Methods. This type of research is retrospective descriptive. Sampling was carried out by total sampling technique in the forensic department of RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang from March 2020 - September 2020.Results. The results showed that 150 victims who died with head injury in traffic accidents. The conclusion of this study, most of the age is 15-29 years and the incidence was higher in males. The most common injury patterns are abrasions.The head region most affected is the frontalis region. The most time for accidents is at 12.01-18.00 WIB and the most accident days are on Sundays. Most of the accident locations were outside the city of Padang, most types of vehicles were motorbikes, the role of the most victims were motorists and the most types of accidents were being hit by other vehicles.Conclusion. Most of the age is 15-29 years and the incidence was higher in males. The head region most affected is the frontalis region. Most of the accident locations were outside the city of Padang, most types of vehicles were motorbikes, the role of the most victims were motorists and the most types of accidents were being hit by other vehicles