scholarly journals Assessment of Concentration of Mineral Oil in Synthetic Ester Based on the Density of the Mixture and the Capacitance of the Capacitor Immersed in It

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1839
Author(s):  
Hubert Moranda ◽  
Jaroslaw Gielniak ◽  
Ireneusz Kownacki
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Scientific Achievement ◽  
Similar Measurement ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Mixture Density ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Capacitance Method ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Cellulose Insulation

This research was carried out during the realization of a project with the aim of developing a method of drying cellulose insulation in power transformers by using synthetic ester. Unfortunately, during the drying process, the ester is systematically contaminated with mineral oil, which reduces its water absorption. Information on the oil concentration in the mixture is needed in two cases: when deciding how to treat the mixture, and during the treatment. The article presents two methods: (1) based on the measurement of the mixture density, and (2) based on the measurement of a capacitor immersed in the mixture. The most important scientific achievement of the work is the proof, by way of experiment, of the existence of a relationship between the concentration of mineral oil and (1) the density of the mixture, and (2) the capacity of the capacitor immersed in it. These relations are presented in the form of equations for which the error calculus showed that the uncertainty of measurement for both methods did not exceed 3 p. %. Due to the similar measurement error of both methods, the authors recommend the capacitance method as easier to use, especially online.

scholarly journals Study of the Dielectric Response of Ester Impregnated Cellulose for Moisture Content Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Graczkowski ◽  
J Gielniak ◽  
P Przybyłek ◽  
K Walczak ◽  
H Morańda
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dielectric Response ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Content Evaluation ◽  
Cellulose Insulation ◽  
Non Destructive

<p>Knowledge about moisture content in impregnated cellulose insulation is essential for power transformers when estimating remaining lifetime, planning operating conditions and drying procedure. Frequency dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) is non-destructive, convenient method to asses moisture content of insulation. It is important to study dielectric response of ester-cellulose insulation due to growing number of transformers using synthetic ester MIDEL 7131 as insulation fluid [1, 2]. The paper presents study of dielectric response of synthetic ester-pressboard samples with various moisture content (from dry to 5%) measured in wide temperature range (from 5 ˚C to 50 ˚C). Measurement results for pressboard impregnated with synthetic ester are compared to data of pressboard impregnated with mineral oil. The aim of presented work is to provide patterns of dielectric response of synthetic esterpressboard for accurate moisture content evaluation.</p>

Electrophysical properties of mixtures of mineral oil and synthetic ester dielectric liquid

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
M. N. Lyutikova ◽  
S. M. Korobeynikov ◽  
A. A. Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Loss Tangent ◽  
Dielectric Loss Tangent ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Insulating Properties

Power transformers are key equipment in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The reliability of power transformers is based on the performance of the insulation system, which includes solid cellulose insulation and a liquid dielectric. Modern power engineering requires liquid insulation to have excellent insulating properties, high fire resistance, and biodegradability. Mineral oil that has been in use for over 100 years does not meet certain requirements. Therefore, various methods of enhancing the insulating properties of the oil are currently being considered, including mixing it with other liquid dielectrics, which have excellent properties. Synthetic and natural esters are considered as alternative fluids.This article discusses the possibility of enhancing the insulating characteristics of mineral oil with a high content of aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, T-750 oil) by mixing it with synthetic ester Midel 7131. Assessment is given of insulating parameters of the resulting mixtures with an ester fraction in mineral oil from 0% to fifty%. The main characteristics of the mixtures are described, such as density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, dielectric loss tangent, relative dielectric permittivity, breakdown voltage, and moisture content. It is shown that with an increase in the proportion of ester, some parameters of the obtained insulating liquid improve (flash point, dielectric constant, breakdown voltage), while values of other parameters (density, kinematic viscosity, dielectric loss tangent) with an ester content of more than 10% in the mixture do not meet the requirements for mineral oils.

scholarly journals Laboratory Model Studies on the Drying Efficiency of Transformer Cellulose Insulation Using Synthetic Ester

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Przybylek ◽  
Hubert Moranda ◽  
Hanna Moscicka-Grzesiak ◽  
Mateusz Cybulski
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Drying Efficiency ◽  
Cellulose Insulation

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of cellulose insulation drying with the use of synthetic ester. The effectiveness of the drying process was investigated depending on the initial moisture of cellulose samples (2%, 3%, and 4%), ester temperature (55, 70, and 85 °C), initial moisture of the ester (70, 140, and 220 ppm), drying time (48, 96, and 168 h), and the weight ratio of cellulosic materials to ester (0.067 and 0.033). A large influence of temperature and time of drying on the efficiency of the drying process was found. This is important information due to the application of the results in the transformers drying procedure. The heating and drying ester unit should provide the highest possible temperature. For the assumed experiment conditions the initial moisture of the ester had little effect on the drying efficiency. An ester with a moisture content below 140 ppm can still be considered as meeting the requirements for drying cellulose with significant moisture. The weight ratio of cellulose products to ester has no major effect on drying efficiency during cellulose drying by circulating dry ester.

scholarly journals Application of Molecular Sieves for Drying Transformers Insulated with Mineral Oil, Natural Ester, or Synthetic Ester

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1719
Author(s):  
Mateusz Cybulski ◽  
Piotr Przybylek
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Transformer Insulation ◽  
Natural Ester ◽  
Water Sorption Isotherms

A high level of moisture in the insulation system of power transformers is often the cause of their failure. This can be prevented by drying a transformer in its place of installation. In the article the application of molecular sieves (MS) in the drying process of the transformer insulation system was analyzed. The water sorption isotherms of 3A MS in mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester at 35 °C were determined, which was not described in the literature before. An evaluation of the influence of temperature on the drying dynamics of electro-insulating liquids using MS was also carried out. The drying dynamics were tested at three temperatures, i.e., 35 °C, 50 °C, and 65 °C, which allowed to analyze the effect of temperature on a short-term or continuous drying process. The tests showed that 3A MS’s ability to adsorb water varied depending on the type of electro-insulating liquid. The determined water sorption isotherms, described by means of Langmuir adsorption model, make it possible to calculate the amount of MS needed for drying transformers with different liquid insulation. The research and analyses show the MS’s great potential for the drying of transformer insulation systems.

scholarly journals Kinetic Assessment of Mechanical Properties of a Cellulose Board Aged in Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4150
Author(s):  
Cristina Fernández-Diego ◽  
Alfredo Ortiz ◽  
Isidro A. Carrascal ◽  
Inmaculada Fernández ◽  
Carlos J. Renedo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Kinetic Assessment ◽  
Materials Used

In oil-immersed power transformers, the insulation system is constituted of a dielectric oil–solid combination. The insulation oil generally used is mineral oil; however, this fluid has started to be substituted by natural and synthetic esters due to their higher biodegradability and flash point. The introduction of a new fluid in the insulation system of power transformers requires kinetic models that can estimate the degradation rate of insulation solids. The aim of this work was to go further in quantifying through different kinetic models the deterioration suffered by a commercial cellulose board (PSP 3055), which is one of the solid materials used in the insulation system of oil-filled transformers. The aging study was extended to cellulose board specimens immersed in two different oils (mineral and synthetic ester). It was obtained that there is a lower degradation when synthetic ester is used in the insulation system. Additionally, it can be concluded that the use of mechanical properties to quantify the degradation of the cellulose board through kinetic models provides information about the different behavior shown by PSP 3055 when different fiber direction angles are considered.

scholarly journals Application of Synthetic Ester for Drying Distribution Transformer Insulation—The Influence of Cellulose Thickness on Drying Efficiency

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Przybylek ◽  
Hubert Moranda ◽  
Hanna Moscicka-Grzesiak ◽  
Dominika Szczesniak
Keyword(s):  
Complex Problem ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
Breakdown Probability ◽  
Drying Efficiency ◽  
High Level ◽  
Transformer Insulation ◽  
Cellulose Insulation ◽  
Cellulose Materials

A high level of insulation moisture in a transformer increases the breakdown probability and forces a reduction of its load. Therefore, there is a need to dry the transformer insulation. For technical reasons, there are some restrictions on the use of common drying methods for cellulose insulation available on the market. The aim of the research was to check the possibility of using synthetic ester for effective drying of cellulose materials of various thickness and an evaluation of the drying dynamics. The replacement of mineral oil with a synthetic ester caused a reduction of moisture in paper and thin pressboard by one percentage point. It was possible in the case of drying these materials for seven days at a temperature of 70 °C. The effects of drying were much smaller in the case of thicker cellulose samples. This paper also shows the complex problem of simultaneously drying materials of different thicknesses. Drying thin paper and thick pressboard at the same time significantly slows down the drying process of the pressboard. Presented results will be used to develop a procedure for drying the transformer insulation system using a synthetic ester.

scholarly journals Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6159
Author(s):  
Maciej Zdanowski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Synthetic Ester ◽  
The Impact

Power transformers are the main element of an electric power system. The service life of these devices depends to a large extent on the technical condition of their insulation system. Replacing mineral oils with natural or synthetic ester (retrofilling process) may increase the efficiency and operational safety of transformers, and also limit their adverse environmental impact. It is technically unfeasible to completely remove mineral oil from a transformer. Its small residues form a mixture with fluid ester, with different physicochemical and electric properties. Streaming electrification is one of the phenomena which, under unfavorable conditions, may damage the insulation system of a forced oil cooled transformer. It is necessary to run prophylactic tests for the ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) of insulating liquid mixtures from the point of view of transformer retrofilling, which is being used more often than before. The article presents the results of studies on selected physicochemical, and electrical properties, and the ECT of mixtures of fresh and aged Trafo EN mineral oil with Nycodiel 1255 synthetic ester. In this regard, the density, the kinematic viscosity, the conductivity, and the relative dielectric constant were measured. The molecular diffusion coefficient was determined using Adamczewski’s empirical dependency. The streaming electrification was tested in a rotating disc system. The impact of the rotation time, the diameter, and the disc’s rotation speed on the amount of the electrification current generated were analyzed. In addition, the co-relation between the electrification current and the composition of the mixture was determined using fresh and aged mineral oil. On the basis of the electrification model, the volume density of the qw charge was calculated, which is a parameter defining the ECT of insulating liquids. Based on the results, it was concluded that the synthetic ester is characterized by a higher susceptibility to electrification than the mineral oil. However, combining synthetic ester with a small amount (up to 20%) of fresh or aged mineral oil significantly reduces its ECT, which is beneficial from the point of view of retrofilling power transformers.

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