scholarly journals Early Tree Growth in Reclaimed Mine Soils in Appalachia USA

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Dallaire ◽  
Jeffrey Skousen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Mine Soils ◽  
Mine Soil ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Native Soils ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Surface mining disturbs hundreds of hectares of land every year in many areas of the world, thereby altering valuable, ecologically-diverse forests. Reforestation of these areas after mining helps to restore ecosystem functions and land value. In Appalachia, native topsoil is normally replaced on the surface during reclamation, but waivers allow for brown and gray sandstone materials to be used as topsoil substitutes. Numerous studies report the growth of trees in these substitute mine soil materials, but few studies have compared the height of trees grown in reclaimed mine soils to the heights of trees grown in native soils. This study determined the growth of red oak (Q. rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in two mine soil types which were compared to projected growth in native soils. Heights of tree seedlings in native soils at 11 years were estimated from site indices (SI) from USDA Soil Survey data. At the mine sites, areas with brown and gray mine soils (one site with a mulch treatment) had 12 tree species planted and growth was measured annually for 11 years. Mine soil pH after 11 years was 5.3 for brown mine soils, 6.6 for gray mine soils, 7.0 for mulched mine soils, and 4.1 to 5.2 for native forest soils. After 11 years, tree heights in gray mine soils were significantly lower (0.5 m) than tree heights in brown mine soils (2.8 to 4 m) for all three species. Trees in mulched mine soils were up to 0.7 m taller than trees in un-mulched brown mine soils. After 11 years, red oak height was 6.3 m in native soils and 3 m in brown and mulched mine soils (52% lower); white oak was 7.3 m tall in native soils compared to 3.6 m in brown mine soils (50% lower); and tulip poplar was 11.5 m tall in native soils and 3.5 to 4 m tall in brown and mulched mine soils (70% lower). In gray mine soils, trees were not growing at all. While the trees in brown mine soils are growing, tree growth has not reached projected levels of tree growth in native soils during the first 11 years after planting. The purpose of forestry reclamation is to restore ecosystem diversity and function. This study showed that one measure of ecosystem function, tree growth, was 50% lower on reclaimed mine soils than native forest soils. Maturing mine soils may develop properties over time that are similar to native soils and, with the increased rooting depth, may provide conditions where increased tree growth rates and height may be attained during the next several decades.

scholarly journals Methods to Evaluate Host Tree Suitability to the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Ludwig ◽  
Laura Lazarus ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
Silvia Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Asian Longhorned Beetle ◽  
White Oak ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Abstract Two procedures were evaluated for assessing tree susceptibility to Anoplophora glabripennis. In the first procedure, adult beetles were caged with a section of sugar maple, northern red oak, white oak, honeylocust, eastern cottonwood, sycamore or tulip poplar wood. Results showed that females laid viable eggs on sugar maple, red oak, white oak and honeylocust. Oviposition did not occur on cottonwood, sycamore, or tulip poplar. Eighty-seven percent of the first instar larvae survived in white oak, followed by sugar maple (82%), honeylocust (50%), and red oak (39%). In the second procedure, first instar larvae were manually inserted into potted sugar maple, green ash, and red oak trees and allowed to feed for 60 or 90 days. Significantly more larvae survived for 90 days within the red oak (67%) compared to green ash (17%). Larvae recovered from red oak weighed significantly more than larvae from sugar maple or green ash. Larval survival was positively related to height of insertion. These results indicate: 1) controlled laboratory and greenhouse-based procedures can be used to assess tree suitability to A. glabripennis and 2) A. glabripennis will oviposit and larvae can develop in northern red oak for up to 90 days, suggesting that this species may be a potential host.

scholarly journals Influence of Mine Soil Properties on White Oak Seedling Growth: A Proposed Mine Soil Classification Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Showalter ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
Carl E. Zipper ◽  
John M. Galbraith ◽  
Patricia F. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Mine Soil ◽  
White Oak

Abstract Appalachian landowners are becoming increasingly interested in restoring native hardwood forest on reclaimed mined land. Trees are usually planted in topsoil substitutes consisting of blasted rock strata, and reforestation attempts using native hardwoods are often unsuccessful due to adverse soil properties. The purpose of this study was to determine which mine soil properties most influence white oak (Quercus alba L.) seedling growth, and to test whether these properties are reflected adequately in a proposed mine soil classification model developed for application in field assessments of mine soil suitability for reforestation. Seventy-two 3-year-old white oaks were randomly selected across a reclaimed site in southwestern Virginia that varied greatly in spoil/site properties. Tree height was measured and soil samples adjacent to each tree were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Our proposed mined land classification model used rock type, compaction, and slope aspect as mapping criteria. Tree height, ranging from 15.2 to 125.0 cm, was regressed against mine soil and site properties. Mapping units were not well correlated with differences in tree height. Microbial biomass, pH, exchangeable potassium, extractable inorganic nitrogen, texture, aspect, and extractable phosphorous accounted for 52% of the variability in tree growth. The regression model shows that white oaks were most successful on northeast-facing aspects, in slightly acidic, sandy loam, fertile mine soils that are conducive to microbial activity. Nutrient availability, although found to be highly influential on tree growth, was not adequately represented in the classification model. We recommend that pH be included as a classification criterion, because it was correlated with all nutrient variables in the regression model.

Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? Growth and biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2219-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rebbeck ◽  
Kurt Gottschalk ◽  
Amy Scherzer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) seedling growth has been extensively studied. White oak ( Quercus alba L.) and chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus L.), however, are far less investigated despite their importance among upland oak species in eastern North American forests. We characterized white and chestnut oak seedling response to light and available soil nutrients while using northern red oak as a benchmark. Germinants were grown within one of three shade treatments (25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun) in one of two native forest soil mixes over two growing seasons. Leaf area, shoot mass, and root mass of all three species showed positive growth responses to increasing light. Growth and biomass were higher for all species grown in the more nutrient-rich forest soil, but chestnut oak displayed the greatest positive responses to the higher nutrient levels. White oak seedlings were the slowest growers and demonstrated the most root-centered growth, with root to shoot ratios almost twice that of either chestnut or northern red oak seedlings. The oak species evaluated here responded differently to changes in resource availability. Our study demonstrates the differential response of upland oaks to low light and nutrients. These differences need consideration when developing oak management prescriptions for specific oaks.

Classification of Red Oak (Quercus Rubra) and White Oak (Quercus Alba) Wood Using a near Infrared Spectrometer and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Emmanuel Adedipe ◽  
Ben Dawson-Andoh ◽  
Jeffrey Slahor ◽  
Larry Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Near Infrared Spectrometer

scholarly journals Oak (Acorn)–Weevil Interactions across an Extensive Latitudinal Gradient in Eastern North America

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Michael A. Steele ◽  
Harmony J. Dalgleish ◽  
Shealyn Marino ◽  
Andrew W. Bartlow ◽  
Rachel Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Chemical Gradients ◽  
Latitudinal Transect

Recent studies have explored how nut weevils (Curculio and Conotrachelus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) prey on the fruits (acorns) of oak (Quercus spp.). However, few, if any, have examined these interactions over both an extensive geographic area and over several years. Here, we observed patterns of infestation in acorns of both red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) over an eight-year period along a latitudinal transect, extending as far as 900km, across much of the shared range of these two oak species. Although weevil prevalence did not differ significantly between the two oak species, in red oak, infestation prevalence increased significantly with latitude. In contrast, an opposite pattern was evident in white oak, with the highest infestation prevalence occurring at lower latitudes. One controlled measure of cotyledon damage was significantly lower in acorns of red oak than those of white oak, which may in part be due to larger acorn size at the lower latitudes. Future investigations in this system should focus on the distribution of weevil species (with DNA barcoding) across this range and geographic variation in chemical gradients that likely determine patterns of weevil damage in individual acorns.

Nondestructive Evaluation of Red Oak and White Oak Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-377
Author(s):  
Cristian Grecca Turkot ◽  
Roy Daniel Seale ◽  
Edward D. Entsminger ◽  
Frederico José Nistal França ◽  
Rubin Shmulsky
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Longitudinal Vibration ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Static Modulus ◽  
Static Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The objective of this article is to evaluate the relationship between the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd), which was obtained with acoustic-based nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, and static bending properties of two domestic hardwood oak species. The mechanical properties were conducted using static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in radial and tangential directions. Mechanical tests were performed according to ASTM D143 on small clear, defect-free specimens from the two tree species: red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba). The MOEd was determined by two NDT methods and three longitudinal vibration methods based on the fast Fourier transform. The destructive strength values obtained in this study were within the expected range for these species. The MOE was best predicted by NDT methods for both species but also had a strong capability to predict MOR.

scholarly journals Nut Selection by Captive Blue Jays: Importance of Availability and Implications for Seed Dispersal

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Moore ◽  
Robert K. Swihart
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Large White ◽  
Shagbark Hickory ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Blue Jays

Abstract We assessed dietary preference of 14 captive Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) for different food types under different conditions of availability. In four separate feeding trials, we provisioned jays with the following: Trial 1, two nuts each of white oak (Quercus alba), pin oak (Q. palustris), black oak (Q. velutina), northern red oak (Q. rubra), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata); Trial 2, two small and two large red oak acorns; Trial 3, two germinating and two nongerminating white oak acorns; and Trial 4, one large red oak acorn, one large white oak acorn, and one shagbark hickory nut. We used discrete choice models to describe selection under conditions of changing choice sets. Blue Jays displayed a clear preference for pin oak and strong avoidance of red oak acorns when alternative foods were available. White oak and black oak acorns were selected intermediately. Shagbark hickory nuts were never used. Correlation coefficients suggested that preference was inversely related to seed size and the proportion of seed consisting of hard seed coat. In the absence of alternative food items, small red oak acorns were readily taken, whereas large red oak acorns were mostly avoided but still used by some birds. These results highlight the importance of considering food availability when making conclusions about preference, and lend support to the hypothesis that Blue Jays can be important dispersers of even less-preferred oak species. We discuss the potential as well as the limitations for Blue Jays to act as seed dispersers, with respect to postglacial range expansion of fagaceous tree species, and in the context of present-day dispersal in regions where forests are highly fragmented.

scholarly journals Early indications of drought impacts on forests in the southeastern United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (04) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Crosby ◽  
Zhaofei Fan ◽  
Martin A. Spetich ◽  
Theodor D. Leininger ◽  
Xingang Fan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Cart Analysis ◽  
Crown Dieback

In the southeastern United States, drought can pose a significant threat to forests by reducing the amount of available water, thereby stressing trees. Destructive changes in crown conditions provide the first visible indication of a problem in a forested area, making it a useful indicator for problems within an ecosystem. Forest Health and Monitoring (FHM) and Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) data from 11 states in the southeastern United States were obtained in an effort to determine the role that drought, forest type, and ecoregion have in indicating differences in crown dieback. Analyses were conducted by species groups using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. The greatest amount of total relative crown dieback occurred in red oak (18%), followed by other hardwoods (14%), and white oak (11%). Relative crown dieback varied by forest type and ecoregion with a relationship to drought in both red oak and white oak. This information will be useful for focusing future research and modeling efforts to predict forest health conditions affected by changing climate variables.

Environmental Microbiology: Tannins & Microbial Decomposition of Leaves on the Forest Floor

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brian Traw ◽  
Nancy Gift
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Student Inquiry ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Tannins are plant chemicals that humans find useful in products as diverse as tea and leather. Why do plants produce these compounds? One possible answer is defense against pathogens and herbivores. In this series of laboratory exercises, student inquiry begins with a simple question: What happens to the multitude of leaves that drop each autumn? This inquiry brings students from the outdoors to the laboratory, where they observe differences in leaf decomposition rates and the natural abundance of bacteria and tannin concentrations in leaf tissues of red oak, white oak, and tulip poplar. In the process, students increase their understanding of plant chemistry, bacterial culture, graphing, and natural history, while experiencing the iterative nature of scientific inquiry.

Stabilization of Cotton Fibers during Mechanical Cutting

1988 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N.-S. Hon
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Electron Spin Resonance Study ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Milled Wood Lignin ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Mechanical Cutting ◽  
Oxidative Ageing

The mechanical stress energy used to process cotton in a cutter is sufficient to induce homolytic scission of C2 and C3 bonds and chain scission of C1—O—C4 glycosidic bonds, i.e., to reduce the degree of polymerization (DP), of cellulose molecules. The formation of carbon and alkoxy mechanoradicals at these locations was identified by an electron spin resonance study. The incorporation of nonylated phenol phosphite, hindered amine, and milled wood lignins of red oak and white oak was effective in inhibiting the reduction of the DP of cellulose. In addition, the incorporation of an alkylary phosphite mixture, hindered phenol, ditridecyl thiodipropionate and dialutyl thiodipropionate, milled wood lignin of loblolly pine and white oak, and lignosulfonate of spruce and red oak was useful in inhibiting the oxidative ageing of cut cotton fiber. Of the stabilizers used, only milled wood lignin of red oak was the most effective in preventing loss of the DP of cellulose during mechanical cutting and oxidative ageing. Termination of primary mechanoradicals at C2 and C3 by stabilizers appeared to eliminate secondary reactions that led to a subsequent decrease in the DP. Termination of alkoxy and carbon radicals at C4 and C1 positions appeared to eliminate oxidative degradation.

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