scholarly journals Long-Term Projections of the Natural Expansion of the Pine Wood Nematode in the Iberian Peninsula

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Begoña de la Fuente ◽  
Santiago Saura
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Informative Content

The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of pine wilt disease, was first reported in Europe, near Lisbon, in 1999, and has since then spread to most of Portugal. We here modelled the spatiotemporal patterns of future PNW natural spread in the Iberian Peninsula, as dispersed by the vector beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis, using a process-based and previously validated network model. We improved the accuracy, informative content, forecasted period and spatial drivers considered in previous modelling efforts for the PWN in Southern Europe. We considered the distribution and different susceptibility to the PWN of individual pine tree species and the effect of climate change projections on environmental suitability for PWN spread, as we modelled the PWN expansion dynamics over the long term (>100 years). We found that, in the absence of effective containment measures, the PWN will spread naturally to the entire Iberian Peninsula, including the Pyrenees, where it would find a gateway for spread into France. The PWN spread will be relatively gradual, with an average rate of 0.83% of the total current Iberian pine forest area infected yearly. Climate was not found to be an important limiting factor for long-term PWN spread, because (i) there is ample availability of alternative pathways for PWN dispersal through areas that are already suitable for the PWN in the current climatic conditions; and (ii) future temperatures will make most of the Iberian Peninsula suitable for the PWN before the end of this century. Unlike climate, the susceptibility of different pine tree species to the PWN was a strong determinant of PWN expansion through Spain. This finding highlights the importance of accounting for individual tree species data and of additional research on species-specific susceptibility for more accurate modelling of PWN spread and guidance of related containment efforts.

scholarly journals Assessing the influence of climate on the growth rate of boreal tree species in northeastern Canada through long term permanent sample plot datasets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Searls ◽  
Xinbiao Zhu ◽  
D.W. McKenney ◽  
Rony Mazumder ◽  
James Steenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Sample Plot ◽  
Permanent Sample Plot ◽  
Mixed Modelling

Climate has a considerable influence on tree growth. Forest managers benefit from the empirical study of the historic relationship between climatic variables and tree growth to support forest management frameworks which are to be applied under scenarios of climate change. Through this research, we have utilized long-term permanent sample plot records, historic climate datasets, and linear mixed modelling techniques to evaluate the historic influence of climatic variables on the growth rates of major boreal tree species in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. For the commercially significant spruce and fir forests of the province, we found growing degree days (GDD) to negatively correlate with tree productivity in warmer regions, such as much of Newfoundland (±1,350 GDD), but positively correlate with growth in cooler regions, such as those in Labrador (±750 GDD). With respect to precipitation, environmental moisture was not on average a limiting factor to species productivity in the province. These dynamics have implications for the productivity of the spruce-fir forests of the study area when considered alongside contemporary climate projections for the region, which generally entail both a warmer and wetter growing environment.

Pine wood nematode (PWN)-secretory antigen 571 as a biomarker for the PWN and its monoclonal antibodies for detecting PWN and its infected pine tree

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 832-839
Author(s):  
Angelina F. Osabutey ◽  
A-Young Kim ◽  
Phoung Nguyen ◽  
Kyu Ha Oh ◽  
Hyerim Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Secretory Antigen

scholarly journals Modeling the Effects of Global Change on Ecosystem Processes in a Tropical Rainforest

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Ann E. Russell ◽  
William J. Parton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Forest Biogeochemistry

Research Highlights: Ongoing land-use change and climate change in wet tropical forests can potentially drive shifts in tree species composition, representing a change in individual species within a functional group, tropical evergreen trees. The impacts on the global carbon cycle are potentially large, but unclear. We explored the differential effects of species within this functional group, in comparison with the effects of climate change, using the Century model as a research tool. Simulating effects of individual tree species on biome-level biogeochemical cycles constituted a novel application for Century. Background and Objectives: A unique, long-term, replicated field experiment containing five evergreen tree species in monodominant stands under similar environmental conditions in a Costa Rican wet forest provided data for model evaluation. Our objectives were to gain insights about this forest’s biogeochemical cycles and effects of tree species within this functional group, in comparison with climate change. Materials and Methods: We calibrated Century, using long-term meteorological, soil, and plant data from the field-based experiment. In modeling experiments, we evaluated effects on forest biogeochemistry of eight plant traits that were both observed and modeled. Climate-change simulation experiments represented two climate-change aspects observed in this region. Results: Model calibration revealed that unmodeled soil processes would be required to sustain observed P budgets. In species-traits experiments, three separate plant traits (leaf death rate, leaf C:N, and allocation to fine roots) resulted in modeled biomass C stock changes of >50%, compared with a maximum 21% change in the climate-change experiments. Conclusions: Modeled ecosystem properties and processes in Century were sensitive to changes in plant traits and nutrient limitations to productivity. Realistic model output was attainable for some species, but unusual plant traits thwarted predictions for one species. Including more plant traits and soil processes could increase realism, but less-complex models provide an accessible means for exploring plant-soil-atmosphere interactions.

scholarly journals Isolation, identification, and bioassay of toxic compounds from pine tree naturally infected by pine wood nematode.

1984 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi UEDA ◽  
Hachiro OKU ◽  
Kazuo TOMITA ◽  
Kazuo SATO ◽  
Tomonori SHIRAISHI
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Tree

scholarly journals Host Deception: Predaceous Fungus, Esteya vermicola, Entices Pine Wood Nematode by Mimicking the Scent of Pine Tree for Nutrient

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e71676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Lin ◽  
Jianling Ye ◽  
Huaguang Wang ◽  
Aijun Zhang ◽  
Boguang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Esteya Vermicola

Nonstructural carbohydrate-balance response to long-term elevated CO2 exposure in European beech and Norway spruce mixed cultures: biochemical and ultrastructural responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1488-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Mašková ◽  
Barbora Radochová ◽  
Zuzana Lhotáková ◽  
Jan Michálek ◽  
Helena Lipavská
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Two dominant central European tree species (Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst.), in a mixed culture in semi-open glass domes, were used to simulate the reaction of forests to long-term elevated CO2 (EC) in a mountainous area (Beskydy Mountains, the Czech Republic). We investigated the effects of EC on soluble carbohydrate levels and composition. Starch content was evaluated using two methods: biochemical (glucose content after enzymatic hydrolysis) and stereological (starch grain proportion, size, and number in chloroplasts). In beech and spruce foliage, no significant changes in total soluble carbohydrate levels were observed. In spruce, starch content determined biochemically increased under EC, whereas no changes were detected in beech. The starch content determined stereologically increased only in beech. In spruce, EC exposure caused comparable starch increases in current-year and previous-year needles, although the former had a higher starch content and numerous larger starch grains regardless of CO2 concentration. In both species, the biochemical determination of carbohydrates exhibited greater individual tree uniformity, in contrast to large intraspecies variability. No changes in leaf soluble carbohydrates under long-term elevated CO2 demonstrate the ability of the studied tree species to efficiently allocate the photosynthates among the sinks. Thus, no photosynthetic downregulation via carbohydrate-level signalling can be expected.

scholarly journals Classification of Tree Species as Well as Standing Dead Trees Using Triple Wavelength ALS in a Temperate Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Amiri ◽  
Peter Krzystek ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Andrew Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Feature Selection Method ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
532 Nm

Knowledge about forest structures, particularly of deadwood, is fundamental for understanding, protecting, and conserving forest biodiversity. While individual tree-based approaches using single wavelength airborne laserscanning (ALS) can successfully distinguish broadleaf and coniferous trees, they still perform multiple tree species classifications with limited accuracy. Moreover, the mapping of standing dead trees is becoming increasingly important for damage calculation after pest infestation or biodiversity assessment. Recent advances in sensor technology have led to the development of new ALS systems that provide up to three different wavelengths. In this study, we present a novel method which classifies three tree species (Norway spruce, European beech, Silver fir), and dead spruce trees with crowns using full waveform ALS data acquired from three different sensors (wavelengths 532 nm, 1064 nm, 1550 nm). The ALS data were acquired in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany) under leaf-on conditions with a maximum point density of 200 points/m 2 . To avoid overfitting of the classifier and to find the most prominent features, we embed a forward feature selection method. We tested our classification procedure using 20 sample plots with 586 measured reference trees. Using single wavelength datasets, the highest accuracy achieved was 74% (wavelength = 1064 nm), followed by 69% (wavelength = 1550 nm) and 65% (wavelength = 532 nm). An improvement of 8–17% over single wavelength datasets was achieved when the multi wavelength data were used. Overall, the contribution of the waveform-based features to the classification accuracy was higher than that of the geometric features by approximately 10%. Our results show that the features derived from a multi wavelength ALS point cloud significantly improve the detailed mapping of tree species and standing dead trees.

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