scholarly journals Worldwide Connectivity for the Internet of Things Through LoRaWAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Vangelista ◽  
Marco Centenaro
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) paradigm is gradually gaining market acceptance. In particular, three prominent LPWAN technologies are emerging at the moment: LoRaWAN™ and SigFox™, which operate on unlicensed frequency bands, and NB-IoT, operating on licensed frequency bands. This paper deals with LoRaWAN™, and has the aim of describing a particularly interesting feature provided by the latest LoRaWAN™ specification—often neglected in the literature—i.e., the roaming capability between different operators of LoRaWAN™ networks, across the same country or even different countries. Recalling that LoRaWAN™ devices do not have a subscriber identification module (SIM) like cellular network terminals, at a first glance the implementation of roaming in LoRaWAN™ networks could seem intricate. The contribution of this paper consists in explaining the principles behind the implementation of a global LoRaWAN network, with particular focus on how to cope with the lack of the SIM in the architecture and how to realize roaming.

scholarly journals Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6837
Author(s):  
Adeiza J. Onumanyi ◽  
Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz ◽  
Gerhard P. Hancke
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Phy Layer ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that enables many beneficial and prospective application areas, such as smart metering, smart homes, smart industries, and smart city architectures, to name but a few. These application areas typically comprise end nodes and gateways that are often interconnected by low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, which provide low power consumption rates to elongate the battery lifetimes of end nodes, low IoT device development/purchasing costs, long transmission range, and increased scalability, albeit at low data rates. However, most LPWAN technologies are often confronted with a number of physical (PHY) layer challenges, including increased interference, spectral inefficiency, and/or low data rates for which cognitive radio (CR), being a predominantly PHY layer solution, suffices as a potential solution. Consequently, in this article, we survey the potentials of integrating CR in LPWAN for IoT-based applications. First, we present and discuss a detailed list of different state-of-the-art LPWAN technologies; we summarize the most recent LPWAN standardization bodies, alliances, and consortia while emphasizing their disposition towards the integration of CR in LPWAN. We then highlight the concept of CR in LPWAN via a PHY-layer front-end model and discuss the benefits of CR-LPWAN for IoT applications. A number of research challenges and future directions are also presented. This article aims to provide a unique and holistic overview of CR in LPWAN with the intention of emphasizing its potential benefits.

scholarly journals Improving the Convergence Period of Adaptive Data Rate in a Long Range Wide Area Network for the Internet of Things Devices

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5614
Author(s):  
Khola Anwar ◽  
Taj Rahman ◽  
Asim Zeb ◽  
Yousaf Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Packet Losses ◽  
The Internet Of Things

A Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most efficient technologies and is widely adopted for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The IoT consists of massive End Devices (EDs) deployed over large geographical areas, forming a large environment. LoRaWAN uses an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR), targeting static EDs. However, the ADR is affected when the channel conditions between ED and Gateway (GW) are unstable due to shadowing, fading, and mobility. Such a condition causes massive packet loss, which increases the convergence time of the ADR. Therefore, we address the convergence time issue and propose a novel ADR at the network side to lower packet losses. The proposed ADR is evaluated through extensive simulation. The results show an enhanced convergence time compared to the state-of-the-art ADR method by reducing the packet losses and retransmission under dynamic mobile LoRaWAN network.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency in Short and Wide-Area IoT Technologies—A Survey

Technologies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Eljona Zanaj ◽  
Giuseppe Caso ◽  
Luca De Nardis ◽  
Alireza Mohammadpour ◽  
Özgü Alay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions.

scholarly journals Remote software update in trusted connection of long range IoT networking integrated with versatile edge cloud

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.21) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
R Caroline Kalaiselvi ◽  
S Mary Vennila
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Software Update ◽  
Client Data ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Gathering Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) prompts can administered by gathering data from little sensor gadgets. As of late, stockpiling less detecting gadgets have been utilized to actualize IoT administrations.  They rely upon conveyed programming from a system server to work benefit capacities and IoT administrations are in view of gathered client data. In this way, it is critical to keep up trusted associations aid programming conveyance or information transmission. In the event that a system association is deceitful, stable information transmission can't be accomplished. Dishonest information associations cause numerous issues in IoT administrations. In this manner, this paper proposes a product refresh strategy in trusted association of IoT organizing. The technique utilizes Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) as long-go IoT organizing innovation and utilizations a portable edge cloud to enhance registering effectiveness in an entrance arrange that comprises of IoT gadgets with lacking assets. In the strategy, the versatile edge cloud is coordinated into a door, and forms detecting information and remote programming updates of LPWAN. IoT gadgets can get programming capacities from the versatile edge cloud. The proposed strategy investigates measurable data about associations in a get to arrange and decides the LPWAN put stock in associations. At that point, programming updates can be performed over the confided in association. Utilizing trusted associations prompts an expanded bundle conveyance rate and decreased transmission vitality utilization. The strategy is contrasted with at present accessible frameworks through PC recreation and through computer simulation and this method’s efficiency is validated. 

scholarly journals A Dual Key-Based Activation Scheme for Secure LoRaWAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyu Kim ◽  
JooSeok Song
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Session Key ◽  
Original Scheme ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Constrained Devices

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, we are experiencing rapid technological progress. Billions of devices are connected to each other, and our homes, cities, hospitals, and schools are getting smarter and smarter. However, to realize the IoT, several challenging issues such as connecting resource-constrained devices to the Internet must be resolved. Recently introduced Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have been devised to resolve this issue. Among many LPWAN candidates, the Long Range (LoRa) is one of the most promising technologies. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a communication protocol for LoRa that provides basic security mechanisms. However, some security loopholes exist in LoRaWAN’s key update and session key generation. In this paper, we propose a dual key-based activation scheme for LoRaWAN. It resolves the problem of key updates not being fully supported. In addition, our scheme facilitates each layer in generating its own session key directly, which ensures the independence of all layers. Real-world experimental results compared with the original scheme show that the proposed scheme is totally feasible in terms of delay and battery consumption.

scholarly journals Security Risk Analysis of LoRaWAN and Future Directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Butun ◽  
Nuno Pereira ◽  
Mikael Gidlund
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Future Directions

LoRa (along with its upper layers definition—LoRaWAN) is one of the most promising Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies for implementing Internet of Things (IoT)-based applications. Although being a popular technology, several works in the literature have revealed vulnerabilities and risks regarding the security of LoRaWAN v1.0 (the official 1st specification draft). The LoRa-Alliance has built upon these findings and introduced several improvements in the security and architecture of LoRa. The result of these efforts resulted in LoRaWAN v1.1, released on 11 October 2017. This work aims at reviewing and clarifying the security aspects of LoRaWAN v1.1. By following ETSI guidelines, we provide a comprehensive Security Risk Analysis of the protocol and discuss several remedies to the security risks described. A threat catalog is presented, along with discussions and analysis in view of the scale, impact, and likelihood of each threat. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is one of the first of its kind, by providing a detailed security risk analysis related to the latest version of LoRaWAN. Our analysis highlights important practical threats, such as end-device physical capture, rogue gateway and self-replay, which require particular attention by developers and organizations implementing LoRa networks.

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