scholarly journals The Relationship between Scapular Upward Rotation and Shoulder Internal and External Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Professional Baseball Pitchers

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Byung Gon Kim ◽  
Seung Kil Lim ◽  
Sunga Kong
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Strength Ratio ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to assess the relationship between scapular upward rotation (SUR) across varying humeral-elevation angles (HEAs) and shoulder isokinetic strength and ratio in professional baseball pitchers. The subjects were professional baseball pitchers (n = 16) without a history of shoulder injury in the last six months. The subject’s SUR angles were measured with the humerus elevated at HEAs of 0° (at rest), 60°, 90°, and 120° to the scapular plane. Shoulder isokinetic strength was evaluated for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength (PT%BW and TW%BW), and the ER/IR strength ratios were determined at 60, 120 and 180°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The SUR angle at an HEA of 0° was positively correlated with IR strength at 120°/s (r = 0.535) and 180°/s (r = 0.522). The SUR angle at an HEA of 60° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.505) and 120°/s (r = −0.500). The SUR angle at an HEA of 90° was negatively correlated with the ER/IR strength ratios at 60°/s (r = −0.574; r = −0.554) and 120°/s (r = −0.521; r = −0.589) as well as with ER strength at 180°/s (r = −0.591, r = −0.556). The SUR angle at an HEA of 120° was negatively correlated with ER strength at 60°/s (r = −0.558), 120°/s (r = −0.504; r = −0.524), and 180°/s (r = −0.543) and the ER/IR strength ratio at 60°/s (r = −0.517). In this study, we found that the ratio of isokinetic strength between ER and IR became closer to the normal range on increasing the SUR angle. In particular, an HEA of 90°, which resembles the pitching motion, showed a clear relationship between SUR, shoulder ER, and the ratio of ER/IR isokinetic strength in professional baseball pitchers.

scholarly journals Associations Among Hip and Shoulder Range of Motion and Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Scher ◽  
Kyle Anderson ◽  
Nick Weber ◽  
Jeff Bajorek ◽  
Kevin Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shoulder External Rotation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract Context: The overhead throwing motion is complex, and restrictions in range of motion (ROM) at the hip may place additional demands on the shoulder that lead to injury. However, the relationship between hip and shoulder ROM in athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury is unknown. Objective: To (1) determine if differences exist in hip and shoulder ROM between professional baseball players with a history of shoulder injury and those with no history of shoulder injury and (2) assess relationships between hip and shoulder ROM in these players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-seven professional baseball players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures consisted of hip extension and internal rotation, shoulder internal and external rotation, glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, and history of shoulder injury. Differences in shoulder and hip ROM were assessed with a 1-way analysis of variance. Associations between hip and shoulder ROM were assessed with linear regression. Results: Nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury had more external rotation and less internal rotation of the shoulder than nonpitchers with no history of shoulder injury. Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit was greater in both pitchers and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. The relationship between dominant hip extension and shoulder external rotation was significant for pitchers with a history of shoulder injury and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. Conclusions: Shoulder injury may be associated with specific measures of hip and shoulder ROM, and hip extension and shoulder external rotation may be related in baseball players with a history of shoulder injury. Additional research is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of shoulder injury in the throwing athlete.

scholarly journals The relationship between range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder joint in professional baseball pitchers

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Baseball Team ◽  
The Relationship

Background and objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength of the shoulder joint, adjusted for humeral head retroversion angle (HHRA), in professional baseball pitchers. Material and Methods: A total of 18 pitchers from a professional baseball team were included in this study. The isometric strength of internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) were measured using an isokinetic device at 85◦ and 30◦ ER, and at 25◦ IR. A linear regression analysis was then performed. Results: The HHRA of the dominant arm was approximately 7◦ greater than that of the non-dominant arm (P < 0.001). As the IR ROM increased by 1◦, the IR isometric strength at 25◦ IR was significantly increased by 0.448% body weight (P < 0.05). However, as the ROM of IR increased, the IR isometric strength at 85◦ and 30◦ ER was not significant (P > 0.05), and as the ROM of ER increased, the IR and ER isometric strength were not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Thus, the increase of IR ROM in professional baseball pitchers was associated with an increase in isometric strength at 25◦ IR, after adjustments were made for HHRA.

What Can a Jump Tell Us About Elbow Injuries in Professional Baseball Pitchers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1220-1225
Author(s):  
John Mayberry ◽  
Scott Mullen ◽  
Scott Murayama
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Elbow Injuries ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Background: The incidence rate of elbow injuries has been rising in recent years among professional baseball pitchers. Determining valid screening procedures that allow practitioners to identify pitchers at an increased risk of such injuries is therefore of critical importance. Purpose: To validate the use of countermovement jump (CMJ) tests as a diagnostic tool for pitcher conditioning. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: More than 500 pitchers at a single professional baseball organization performed preseason CMJ assessments on a force plate before the 2013 to 2018 seasons. Three measurements were extracted from ground-reaction force data during the test: eccentric rate of force development (ERFD), average vertical concentric force (AVCF), and concentric vertical impulse (CVI). Athletic trainers at the organization collected detailed information on elbow and shoulder injury rates as well as workload (pitch count) throughout the rest of the season. Poisson regression models were fit to investigate the dependency of injury rates on CMJ test performance. Results: ERFD, CVI, and AVCF were all significant predictors of elbow injury risk after accounting for pitcher age, weight, and workload. The analysis identified 3 specific indicators of heightened risk based on the results of a CMJ scan: low ERFD, a combination of low AVCF and high CVI, and a combination of high AVCF and low CVI. In contrast, shoulder injury risk was roughly independent of all 3 CMJ test measurements. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis of the entire kinetic chain’s involvement in pitching by establishing a link between CMJ test performance and elbow injury risk in professional baseball pitchers. CMJ assessment may be a powerful addition to injury risk alert and prevention protocols. Pitchers in high-risk groups can be prescribed specific exercise plans to improve movement imbalances.

scholarly journals Relationship between tightness of the hip joint and shoulder/elbow injury in high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritaka Hamano ◽  
Hitoshi Shitara ◽  
Tsuyoshi Tajika ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ichinose ◽  
Tsuyoshi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Elbow Pain ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Hip Range Of Motion ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSome studies have reported that upper limb tightness is a risk factor for shoulder/elbow pain in high school baseball pitchers; but there has been insufficient research on the relationship between lower limb tightness and shoulder and elbow pain in pitchers. This study aimed to clarify the correlation among pre-season hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow disorders in high school baseball pitchers. We surveyed 125 high school pitchers. Hip ROM was measured in the supine and prone positions. After the season, based on their answers to the self-recorded questionnaire, a “shoulder or elbow injury” was defined as any condition resulting in the pitcher being considered disabled for ≥ 8 days. An independent t-test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Eleven disabled pitchers (9%) were identified during the season. In the injured group, the ROM of the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was smaller than that in the non-injured group. Preseason limited ROM in the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was a risk factor for the occurrence of shoulder/elbow pain in the season.

scholarly journals Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Medial Epicondyle Fractures After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Baseball Pitchers

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0036
Author(s):  
Brandon J. Erickson ◽  
Peter Nissen Chalmers ◽  
John D’Angelo ◽  
Kevin Ma ◽  
Anthony A. Romeo
Keyword(s):  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Open Reduction Internal Fixation ◽  
Medial Epicondyle ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Performance Outcome ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
History Of ◽  
Operative Performance ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
And Performance

Objectives: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common procedure among professional baseball pitchers. Currently, 25% of starting Major league baseball (MLB) pitchers have undergone UCLR. Fracture of the medial epicondyle at the level of the humeral tunnel requiring open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) is an uncommon complication following UCLR. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of return to sport (RTS) and performance upon RTS in professional baseball pitchers following ORIF of the medial epicondyle, and see if there is a difference in RTS rate and performance between players who underwent ORIF and matched controls. The authors hypothesized that there is a high rate of RTS in professional baseball pitchers following medial epicondyle ORIF with no significant difference in rate of RTS or performance, specifically related to the primary outcome performance variables of win-loss percentage (W-L%), WHIP ((walks +hits)/innings pitched), fielding independent pitching (FIP), and wins above replacement (WAR)) between cases and controls. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who underwent medial epicondyle ORIF between 2010-2016 were included. Demographic and performance data (pre and post surgery) for each player was recorded. Performance metrics were then compared between cases and matched controls (no history of UCLR or ORIF). Results: Overall, 15 pitchers (80% starters, 73.3% right-handed) underwent ORIF of a medial epicondyle fracture. All underwent a prior UCLR using either the American Sports Medicine Institute (n=9, 60%) or docking (n=6, 40%) technique. ORIF techniques included fixation with one screw (n=13, 86.7%) and fixation with suture anchors (n=2, 13.3%). Eleven (73.3%) pitchers were able to RTS (which did not differ from controls p=0.537). No significant differences existed in the primary performance outcome variables when comparing pre-operative to post-operative performance. No significant differences in the primary performance outcome measures were seen between cases and controls following surgery although cases pitched fewer innings than controls following surgery (p=0.003) Conclusion: Following medial epicondyle ORIF of professional pitchers with a history of UCLR, 73.3% were able to RTS without a significant decline in most performance variables when compared to their pre-operative performance levels, or when compared to matched controls. Number of innings pitched declined following surgery.

Deficits in Glenohumeral Passive Range of Motion Increase Risk of Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2379-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Wilk ◽  
Leonard C. Macrina ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Kyle T. Aune ◽  
Ron A. Porterfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

The Relationship of Throwing Arm Mechanics and Elbow Varus Torque: Within-Subject Variation for Professional Baseball Pitchers Across 82,000 Throws

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 3030-3035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Camp ◽  
Travis G. Tubbs ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Joshua S. Dines ◽  
David M. Dines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between age and baseball pitching kinematics in professional baseball pitchers

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouchen Dun ◽  
Glenn S. Fleisig ◽  
Jeremy Loftice ◽  
David Kingsley ◽  
James R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
The Relationship

Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players and Professional Baseball Pitchers

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1371-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd S. Ellenbecker ◽  
Gail A. Ellenbecker ◽  
E. Paul Roetert ◽  
Rogerio Teixeira Silva ◽  
Greg Keuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Active Range Of Motion ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Hip Rotation ◽  
Bilateral Difference

Background Repetitive loading to the hip joint in athletes has been reported as a factor in the development of degenerative joint disease and intra-articular injury. Little information is available on the bilateral symmetry of hip rotational measures in unilaterally dominant upper extremity athletes. Hypothesis Side-to-side differences in hip joint range of motion may be present because of asymmetrical loading in the lower extremities of elite tennis players and professional baseball pitchers. Study Design Cohort (cross-sectional) study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. Methods Descriptive measures of hip internal and external rotation active range of motion were taken in the prone position of 64 male and 83 female elite tennis players and 101 male professional baseball pitchers using digital photos and computerized angle calculation software. Bilateral differences in active range of motion between the dominant and nondominant hip were compared using paired t tests and Bonferroni correction for hip internal, external, and total rotation range of motion. A Pearson correlation test was used to test the relationship between years of competition and hip rotation active range of motion. Results No significant bilateral difference (P > .005) was measured for mean hip internal or external rotation for the elite tennis players or the professional baseball pitchers. An analysis of the number of subjects in each group with a bilateral difference in hip rotation greater than 10° identified 17% of the professional baseball pitchers with internal rotation differences and 42% with external rotation differences. Differences in the elite male tennis players occurred in only 15% of the players for internal rotation and 9% in external rotation. Female subjects had differences in 8% and 12% of the players for internal and external rotation, respectively. Statistical differences were found between the mean total arc of hip range of internal and external rotation in the elite tennis players with the dominant side being greater by a clinically insignificant mean value of 2.5°. Significantly less (P < .005) dominant hip internal rotation and less dominant and nondominant hip total rotation range of motion were found in the professional baseball pitchers compared with the elite male tennis players. Conclusion This study established typical range of motion patterns and identified bilaterally symmetric hip active range of motion rotation values in elite tennis players and professional baseball pitchers. Asymmetric hip joint rotational active range of motion encountered during clinical examination and screening may indicate abnormalities and would indicate the application of flexibility training, rehabilitation, and further evaluation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document