scholarly journals Women’s Trade-Offs between Fertility and Employment during Industrialisation

Humans ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Fhionna Moore ◽  
Ethan Lumb ◽  
Charlotte Starkey ◽  
James McIntosh ◽  
Jaime Benjamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

Modelling fertility decline in post-industrial populations in the context of life history theory has allowed us to better understand the environmental pressures that shape reduced family size. One such pressure, which has received relatively little attention from ecologists, is the movement of women into the labour market. Analyses of effects of employment on fertility in contemporary developing or post-demographic transition populations are limited by the widespread use of modern contraceptives: while uptake of these methods may be a mechanism by which reduced fertility is enacted, their use may obscure effects of employment on fertility. Here, we investigated the impact of women’s employment on family size during a period of the movement of women into the workforce but prior to the use of modern contraceptives. We analysed the effects of women’s employment on family size using census records from 1901 for a regional-level analysis of parishes in Scotland, and for 1851–1901 for an individual-level analysis of the Scottish city of Dundee. Women in employment had fewer children than those not in employment. Income was inversely related with family size, and this was independent of the effects of women’s employment on family size. We suggest that female employment contributes to the evolution of smaller family sizes and that this takes place in the context of prevailing and emerging gender roles, and in interaction with opportunities for employment and wealth.

The impact of exporting on women's employment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Begum Dikilitas ◽  
Burcu Fazlioglu ◽  
Basak Dalgic
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of exports on women's employment rate for Turkish manufacturing firms over a recent period of 2003–2015.Design/methodology/approachThe authors establish treatment models and use propensity score matching (PSM) techniques together with difference-in-difference methodology.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that starting to export increases women’s employment rate for manufacturing firms. Gains in female employment rates are observed for the firms operating in low and medium low technology intensive sectors, low-wage sectors as well as laborlabor-intensive goods exporting sectors.Originality/valueThe authors complement previous literature by utilizing a rich harmonized firm-level dataset that covers a large number of firms and a recent time period. The authors distinguish between several sub-samples of firms according to technology intensity of the sector in which they operate, wage level and factor intensity of exports and investigate whether or not women gain from trade in terms of employment opportunities.

The Impact of Organisational and Technological Change on Women's Employment in the Civil Service

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall ◽  
Lewis ◽  
Belt ◽  
Richardson ◽  
Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
The Impact

Ethnic Differences in Women's Employment

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Holdsworth ◽  
Angela Dale
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
White Women ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minority Ethnic

This paper uses the 1 per cent household file from the Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) for the 1991 Census and the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS) to explore variations in patterns of employment and occupational attainment among women from different ethnic groups. The analysis of the SARs focuses on the impact of lifecycle events on women's employment status and economic activity. The presence of a partner is identified as having the greatest impact on Pakinstani and Bangladeshi women's employment, while the presence of a pre-school child is most significant for White women's economic activity. White women also have a higher rate of part-time worlding than all other ethnic groups. These patterns are for malised in two models, one for economic activity and a second for full-time/part-time work. The LS is used to investigate the impact of these employment patterns on women's occupational attainment over a ten-year period. The analysis demonstrates that, while minority ethnic women in nonmanual occupations have similar longitudinal occupational profiles to White women, those in manual occupations fare worse than their White counterparts, despite the fact that a larger propotion of minority ethnic women are in fill-time employment.

scholarly journals Gender labor asymmetry: regional dimension (Empirical research)

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Vera Gnevasheva ◽  
Chulpan Ildarhanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Regional Labor Market

Women’s labor behavior is a factor in demographic self-determination, which means it is inextricably linked with the formation of the future labor market, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Modern theoretical, empirical, methodological approaches to the study of female employment are faced with the need to assess the significant phenomenon of gender asymmetry of labor. The importance of this issue is underlined by the multitude of studies conducted at the international level on the study of discrimination in the labor market, the quality of women’s employment, decent work assessments, and aspects of professional segregation. The current statistical base requires a more detailed, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a more comprehensive, inclusive consideration of women’s employment issues, especially the emerging trends in their labor behavior, especially in the context of considering this socioeconomic phenomenon as a factor of demographic self-determination. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of imbalances in the regional labor market of the Volga Federal District as a whole in comparison with the general situation and global trends in the labor market and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular.

scholarly journals Impact of Trade Liberalization on Employment in West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): A Gender Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Lesfran Sam Wanilo Agbahoungba
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
West African ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on employment in West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) through a gender approach. We apply generalized least squares (GLS) estimation techniques with both random and fixed effects on panel data covering the period of 2000-2017. Due to the lack of data, Guinea-Bissau is not part of our analysis. The results show that, while trade liberalization does not explain women’s employment patterns, it rather contributes in job destruction for men in the WAEMU. In conclusion, the impact of trade liberalization of employment is not gender neutral. Rather, it varies depending on the sex of people. In terms of policy implications, this study calls policy makers to setting up, better negotiating or renegotiating trade agreements and implementing trade policies that are more inclusive and beneficial particularly to the population. This could be done by taking into consideration women’s employment particularities in the union, enhancing productive capacities of men, reducing and eliminating inequalities related to people gender and sex.

scholarly journals Research Note: Gender Differences in Employment During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Demography ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Villarreal ◽  
Wei-hsin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on gender disparities in three employment outcomes: labor force participation, full-time employment, and unemployment. Using data from the monthly Current Population Survey, in this research note we test individual fixed-effects models to examine the employment status of women relative to that of men in the nine months following the onset of the epidemic in March of 2020. We also test separate models to examine differences between women and men based on the presence of young children. Because the economic effects of the epidemic coincided with the summer months, when women's employment often declines, we account for seasonality in women's employment status. After doing so, we find that women's full-time employment did not decline significantly relative to that of men during the months following the beginning of the epidemic. Gender gaps in unemployment and labor force participation did increase, however, in the early and later months of the year, respectively. Our findings regarding women's labor force participation and employment have implications for our understanding of the long-term effects of the health crisis on other demographic outcomes.

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