scholarly journals Gender labor asymmetry: regional dimension (Empirical research)

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Vera Gnevasheva ◽  
Chulpan Ildarhanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Regional Labor Market

Women’s labor behavior is a factor in demographic self-determination, which means it is inextricably linked with the formation of the future labor market, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Modern theoretical, empirical, methodological approaches to the study of female employment are faced with the need to assess the significant phenomenon of gender asymmetry of labor. The importance of this issue is underlined by the multitude of studies conducted at the international level on the study of discrimination in the labor market, the quality of women’s employment, decent work assessments, and aspects of professional segregation. The current statistical base requires a more detailed, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a more comprehensive, inclusive consideration of women’s employment issues, especially the emerging trends in their labor behavior, especially in the context of considering this socioeconomic phenomenon as a factor of demographic self-determination. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of imbalances in the regional labor market of the Volga Federal District as a whole in comparison with the general situation and global trends in the labor market and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular.

The impact of exporting on women's employment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Begum Dikilitas ◽  
Burcu Fazlioglu ◽  
Basak Dalgic
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of exports on women's employment rate for Turkish manufacturing firms over a recent period of 2003–2015.Design/methodology/approachThe authors establish treatment models and use propensity score matching (PSM) techniques together with difference-in-difference methodology.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that starting to export increases women’s employment rate for manufacturing firms. Gains in female employment rates are observed for the firms operating in low and medium low technology intensive sectors, low-wage sectors as well as laborlabor-intensive goods exporting sectors.Originality/valueThe authors complement previous literature by utilizing a rich harmonized firm-level dataset that covers a large number of firms and a recent time period. The authors distinguish between several sub-samples of firms according to technology intensity of the sector in which they operate, wage level and factor intensity of exports and investigate whether or not women gain from trade in terms of employment opportunities.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REGIONAL LABOR MARKET (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Alekseevna Vladimirova ◽  
◽  
Natalya Vyacheslavovna Proskurina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Siberian Federal District ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor

The article analyzes the dynamics and structure of the main indicators of the labor market on the example of the Siberian Federal District.

Global trends of labor market transformation

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
V.A. Gnevasheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Rational Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Labor Resources

Presented is the analysis of modern labor market, forming under influence of multiple factors. The conditions of the external global challenge put the labor market in need of transformation, sometimes in contrast to the economically rational distribution of the labor factor and with the depreciation of the social significance of the use of labor resources. Inequality and the widespread deficit of decent work lead not only to economic inefficiencies, but also to a decline in social cohesion within countries. At the same time, the main goals of the strategic development of the labor market, such as: full employment and an increase in the standard of living, remain significant, and it is necessary to direct the efforts of governments, workers, employers and their associations. The emerging global trends of the world labor market pose a number of problematic issues for solving both at the level of national markets and on the world labor market together with international organizations in the framework of the global dialogue. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing features of the distribution of labor and employment at the level of the world labor market, with the justification of such trends that are significant for issues of modern optimization of labor use, such as decent work, underemployment, structural unemployment, gender asymmetry, professional segregation, structural inflation, youth segment of labor market. All the phenomena under consideration are of a pronounced character both on the world and national labor market and require additional theoretical understanding and empirical assessment.

scholarly journals Actual challenges of labor market and their gender implications for employment

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
Zoya A. Khotkina
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
The Impact

The main research issues discussed in the article concern the impact of technological and epidemiological challenges on the employment of women and men, as well as the reasons for their asymmetric impact on employees depending on gender. The choice of these two challenges is determined, on the one hand, by their relevance, and on the other, by the fact that, although they are fundamentally different in both character and duration of their impact on the labor market, the consequences of their impact on women’s employment are the same and in both cases lead to job losses. The article shows that the same consequences for women’s employment from such different challenges are not accidental. This is due to the fact that the causes and risk factors of priority job loss for women as a result of the technological and epidemiological challenges are identical, since they are based on gender segregation of employment in the labor market, which divides jobs and entire industries into «male» and «female». In the technological challenge, the reason for the priority and more widespread loss of jobs by women is due to the fact that they are more often than men engaged in routine work in which is a large proportion of repetitive operations that are easy to automate and delegate to robots or artificial intelligence (AI). During the epidemiological challenge, more “female” than “male” jobs fell into the risk zone of unemployment, because as a result of self-isolation most enterprises and organizations in the service sphere, such as shopping centers, hairdressers and beauty salons, hotels and boarding houses, museums and libraries were closed, as well as airports and travel agencies — and all these enterprises employed mainly women. On account of the high risk of unemployment, these activities were included in the “List of economy sectors most affected by coronavirus” developed by the Government to provide priority targeted support. However, according to the information from the Ministry of Finance, less than a fifth of the service sector organizations and individual entrepreneurs will be able to receive this assistance, and therefore it is unlikely to avoid an increase in female unemployment.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Female Poverty in Turkey with OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Demiral
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Part Time

The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.

scholarly journals Part-time employment as a way to increase women’s employment: (Where) does it work?

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-268
Author(s):  
Paolo Barbieri ◽  
Giorgio Cutuli ◽  
Raffaele Guetto ◽  
Stefani Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
National Level ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Part Time

Part-time employment has repeatedly been proposed as a solution for integrating women into the labor market; however, empirical evidence supporting a causal link is mixed. In this text, we investigate the extent to which increasing part-time employment is a valid means of augmenting women’s labor market participation. We pay particular attention to the institutional context and the related characteristics of part-time employment in European countries to test the conditions under which this solution is a viable option. The results reveal that part-time employment may strengthen female employment in Continental Europe and especially in Southern Europe, where an increase in part-time employment—even if it is demand-side driven—leads to greater employment participation among women. We also discuss some policy implications and trade-offs: Although part-time work can lead to higher numbers of employed women, it does so at the cost of increasing gendered labor market segregation. We analyze data from the European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1992–2011 for 19 countries and 188 regions and exploit regional variation over time while controlling for time-constant regional characteristics, time-varying regional labor market features, and (time-varying) confounding factors at the national level.

scholarly journals Women’s Trade-Offs between Fertility and Employment during Industrialisation

Humans ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Fhionna Moore ◽  
Ethan Lumb ◽  
Charlotte Starkey ◽  
James McIntosh ◽  
Jaime Benjamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

Modelling fertility decline in post-industrial populations in the context of life history theory has allowed us to better understand the environmental pressures that shape reduced family size. One such pressure, which has received relatively little attention from ecologists, is the movement of women into the labour market. Analyses of effects of employment on fertility in contemporary developing or post-demographic transition populations are limited by the widespread use of modern contraceptives: while uptake of these methods may be a mechanism by which reduced fertility is enacted, their use may obscure effects of employment on fertility. Here, we investigated the impact of women’s employment on family size during a period of the movement of women into the workforce but prior to the use of modern contraceptives. We analysed the effects of women’s employment on family size using census records from 1901 for a regional-level analysis of parishes in Scotland, and for 1851–1901 for an individual-level analysis of the Scottish city of Dundee. Women in employment had fewer children than those not in employment. Income was inversely related with family size, and this was independent of the effects of women’s employment on family size. We suggest that female employment contributes to the evolution of smaller family sizes and that this takes place in the context of prevailing and emerging gender roles, and in interaction with opportunities for employment and wealth.

scholarly journals EMPLOYMENT CONDITION, THE EFFECTS OF HUSBAND’S OCCUPATION, AND EDUCATION ON PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE INDONESIAN LABOR MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizqon Agusta Agusta ◽  
Diny Ghuzini
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Employment Conditions

A previous study has shown that households with both the head and the spouse joining the labor force tend to exit from poverty. In Indonesia, women that actively participated in labor market were relatively small, only around 50% in 2017. Meanwhile, most of the women in Indonesia were married in 2017. A husband was one of the factors affecting their wife’s decision to participate in labor market. This study investigates married women’s employment conditions and the effects of husband’s occupation and education on their labor market participation. The research sample consists of women aged 15-year-old and above, married, and living with their husband. We found that the higher the husband’s education, the lower married women’s probability of participating in the labor market. Husbands with an informal occupation increased married women’s probability to be in the labor force.

scholarly journals Comparing the Post-War Germanies: Breadwinner Ideology and Women's Employment in the Divided Nation, 1948–1970

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (S5) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine von Oertzen ◽  
Almut Rietzschel
Keyword(s):  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
East German ◽  
East And West ◽  
Post War

In 1989, when Germany became reunified after forty years of separation, no one could overlook the fact that East and West Germany differed greatly with regard to the position of women. The most striking difference of all seemed to lie in the rates of female employment: 91 per cent of all East German women under the age of 60 were counted as being employed, compared to only 55 per cent in West Germany.

scholarly journals What firm characteristics determine women ' s employment in manufacturing? Evidence from Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Ahmed ◽  
Simon Feeny ◽  
Alberto Posso
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the principal determinants of women’s employment in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh using a firm-level panel data from the World Bank’s “Enterprise Survey” for the years 2007, 2011 and 2013. The paper sheds light on the demand-side factors, mainly firm-level characteristics, which also influence this decision. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate a fractional logit model to model a dependent variable that is limited by zero from below and one from above. Findings – The results indicate that firm size, whether medium or large, and firms’ export-oriented activities, have an important impact on women’s employment in the manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. Moreover, the authors find that women are significantly more likely to work in unskilled-labour-intensive industries within the manufacturing sector. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to Bangladesh; however, much of the evidence presented here has implications that are relevant to policymakers in other developing countries. Practical implications – The study identifies factors that affect female employment, that is, where the main constraints to increase female labour force participation. The study focuses on the demand-side factors, which has been somewhat neglected in recent years. As such, it has practical policy implications. Social implications – Focusing on female employment in Bangladesh also sheds light on the nexus between labour market opportunities and social change within a country that is characterised by extreme patriarchy, which has wide-reaching implications. Originality/value – This is an original and comprehensive paper by the authors.

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